xfy/lolly

xfy 972eab4267 refactor(docs): 重构文档目录结构，nginx 文档移至子目录

将 docs/ 根目录下的 nginx 相关文档统一移动到 docs/nginx/ 子目录，
提高文档组织性和可维护性。

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

2026-04-16 10:48:14 +08:00

43 KiB

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NGINX 安全深度指南

1. Bot 检测与防护

1.1 基于 User-Agent 的 Bot 识别

map $http_user_agent $bot_type {
    default "human";

    # 善意爬虫（白名单）
    ~*googlebot "good_bot";
    ~*bingbot "good_bot";
    ~*duckduckbot "good_bot";
    ~*baiduspider "good_bot";
    ~*yandexbot "good_bot";
    ~*facebookexternalhit "good_bot";
    ~*twitterbot "good_bot";
    ~*linkedinbot "good_bot";
    ~*whatsapp "good_bot";

    # 恶意爬虫/扫描器
    ~*sqlmap "bad_bot";
    ~*nikto "bad_bot";
    ~*masscan "bad_bot";
    ~*zgrab "bad_bot";
    ~*nmap "bad_bot";
    ~*nessus "bad_bot";
    ~*burp "bad_bot";
    ~*gobuster "bad_bot";
    ~*dirbuster "bad_bot";
    ~*wfuzz "bad_bot";
    ~*crawler4j "bad_bot";
    ~*scrapy "bad_bot";
    ~*python-requests "bad_bot";

    # 自动化工具
    ~*curl "tool";
    ~*wget "tool";
    ~*python-urllib "tool";
    ~*java "tool";
    ~*libwww-perl "tool";
    ~*httpclient "tool";
}

# 基于行为的检测
map $http_user_agent $suspicious_behavior {
    default 0;
    ~*bot 1;
    ~*spider 1;
    ~*crawl 1;
    ~*scan 1;
    ~*probe 1;
}

1.2 验证爬虫真实性

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    # 白名单爬虫验证（反向 DNS 验证）
    location / {
        # 仅对白名单爬虫进行验证
        if ($bot_type = "good_bot") {
            # 验证 Googlebot
            if ($http_user_agent ~* googlebot) {
                # 实际生产环境需使用 Lua/NJS 进行反向 DNS 验证
                # 此处仅示例
                access_log /var/log/nginx/verified_bots.log;
            }
        }

        # 拦截恶意爬虫
        if ($bot_type = "bad_bot") {
            return 444;  # 无响应断开连接
        }

        # 限制自动化工具
        if ($bot_type = "tool") {
            limit_req zone=tool_limit burst=1 nodelay;
        }

        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

1.3 基于行为的 Bot 检测

# 定义 Bot 检测区域
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=bot_detect:10m rate=1r/s;

server {
    # 无 User-Agent 检测
    if ($http_user_agent = "") {
        return 403;
    }

    # 高频请求检测
    location / {
        # 检查请求频率异常
        limit_req zone=bot_detect burst=5 nodelay;

        # 检测无 referer 的 POST 请求（常见于 CSRF/Bot）
        if ($request_method = POST) {
            set $post_check 1;
        }
        if ($http_referer = "") {
            set $post_check "${post_check}1";
        }
        if ($post_check = "11") {
            return 403 "Suspicious request detected";
        }

        # 检测异常 header 组合
        if ($http_accept = "") {
            return 403;
        }

        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

1.4 挑战-响应机制（使用 Lua）

# 需要 ngx_http_lua_module
server {
    location / {
        access_by_lua_block {
            local bot_type = ngx.var.bot_type

            if bot_type == "suspicious" then
                -- 发送 JavaScript 挑战
                ngx.header.content_type = "text/html"
                ngx.say([[
                    <html>
                    <script>
                        document.cookie = "js_enabled=1; path=/";
                        window.location.reload();
                    </script>
                    </html>
                ]])
                ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_OK)
            end

            -- 验证 cookie
            local cookies = ngx.var.http_cookie
            if not cookies or not cookies:match("js_enabled=1") then
                ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_FORBIDDEN)
            end
        }

        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

1.5 Bot 管理策略表

类别	特征	处理方式
善意爬虫	Google/Bing/Baidu 等搜索引擎	验证真实性后放行，设置独立 rate limit
监控 Bot	Uptime 检查、SEO 工具	IP 白名单，设置宽松的限制
恶意爬虫	扫描器、暴力破解工具	立即阻断，记录日志
自动化工具	curl/wget/脚本	严格限制频率，验证码挑战
未知 Bot	未识别的 User-Agent	行为分析，可疑则挑战验证

2. WAF 配置深度指南（ModSecurity）

2.1 ModSecurity 编译安装

# 安装依赖
apt-get install -y libpcre3-dev libxml2-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev \
    liblua5.3-dev libssl-dev libyajl-dev

# 下载 ModSecurity v3
cd /usr/src
git clone --depth 1 -b v3/master https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ModSecurity
cd ModSecurity
git submodule init
git submodule update

# 编译安装
./build.sh
./configure --with-yajl --with-ssdeep --with-lua --with-maxmind
make -j$(nproc)
make install

# 下载 NGINX 连接器
cd /usr/src
git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ModSecurity-nginx

# 编译 NGINX 模块（需 NGINX 源码）
cd /usr/src/nginx-1.24.0
./configure --add-module=/usr/src/ModSecurity-nginx [其他配置选项]
make modules

2.2 核心配置

# modsecurity.conf - 主配置文件
load_module modules/ngx_http_modsecurity_module.so;

http {
    # 全局 ModSecurity 配置
    modsecurity on;
    modsecurity_rules_file /etc/nginx/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf;

    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name example.com;

        location / {
            # 可为特定 location 启用/禁用
            modsecurity on;

            # 内联规则
            modsecurity_rules '
                SecRuleEngine On
                SecRule REQUEST_URI "@contains /admin" \
                    "id:1000,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'Admin access restricted'"
            ';

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }

        # 静态资源跳过 WAF
        location ~* \\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js|woff|woff2)$ {
            modsecurity off;
            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

2.3 ModSecurity 核心规则集（CRS）

# /etc/nginx/modsecurity/crs-setup.conf

# 规则引擎模式
SecRuleEngine DetectionOnly    # 仅检测模式（测试阶段）
# SecRuleEngine On            # 阻断模式（生产环境）

# 异常评分阈值
SecAction "id:900001,phase:1,nolog,pass,t:none,setvar:tx.inbound_anomaly_score_threshold=5"
SecAction "id:900002,phase:1,nolog,pass,t:none,setvar:tx.outbound_anomaly_score_threshold=4"

# 检测 Paranoia Level（0-4，越高越严格）
SecAction "id:900003,phase:1,nolog,pass,t:none,setvar:tx.paranoia_level=2"

# 允许特定路径（排除规则）
SecRule REQUEST_URI "@beginsWith /api/webhook" \
    "id:1001,phase:1,pass,nolog,ctl:ruleEngine=Off"

# 自定义白名单
SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:User-Agent "@contains MyInternalApp" \
    "id:1002,phase:1,pass,nolog,ctl:ruleRemoveById=913100"

# 自定义规则 - SQL 注入增强
SecRule REQUEST_COOKIES|REQUEST_COOKIES_NAMES|REQUEST_FILENAME|ARGS_NAMES|ARGS|XML:/* \
    "@rx (?i:(?:select\\s*\\*\\s*from|union\\s*select.*from|insert\\s+into|delete\\s+from|drop\\s+table))" \
    "id:1003,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'SQL Injection Detected',logdata:'Matched Data: %{MATCHED_VAR} found within %{MATCHED_VAR_NAME}'"

2.4 规则集加载配置

# 在 nginx.conf 中加载 CRS
modsecurity_rules_file /etc/nginx/modsecurity/crs-setup.conf;
modsecurity_rules '
    # 加载 CRS 规则
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/crs-setup.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-900-EXCLUSION-RULES-BEFORE-CRS.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-901-INITIALIZATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-903.9001-DRUPAL-EXCLUSION-RULES.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-903.9002-WORDPRESS-EXCLUSION-RULES.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-905-COMMON-EXCEPTIONS.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-910-IP-REPUTATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-911-METHOD-ENFORCEMENT.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-912-DOS-PROTECTION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-913-SCANNER-DETECTION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-920-PROTOCOL-ENFORCEMENT.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-921-PROTOCOL-ATTACK.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-930-APPLICATION-ATTACK-LFI.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-931-APPLICATION-ATTACK-RFI.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-932-APPLICATION-ATTACK-RCE.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-933-APPLICATION-ATTACK-PHP.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-934-APPLICATION-ATTACK-GENERIC.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-941-APPLICATION-ATTACK-XSS.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-942-APPLICATION-ATTACK-SQLI.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-943-APPLICATION-ATTACK-SESSION-FIXATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-944-APPLICATION-ATTACK-JAVA.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-949-BLOCKING-EVALUATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-950-DATA-LEAKAGES.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-951-DATA-LEAKAGES-SQL.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-952-DATA-LEAKAGES-JAVA.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-953-DATA-LEAKAGES-PHP.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-954-DATA-LEAKAGES-IIS.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-959-BLOCKING-EVALUATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/RESPONSE-980-CORRELATION.conf
    Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/REQUEST-999-EXCLUSION-RULES-AFTER-CRS.conf
';

2.5 虚拟补丁配置

# /etc/nginx/modsecurity/virtual-patches.conf

# CVE-2021-44228 (Log4j)
SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS|REQUEST_HEADERS_NAMES|REQUEST_BODY|ARGS|ARGS_NAMES \
    "@rx \\$\\{.*jndi:(ldap|ldaps|dns|rmi|iiop|http|https|corba|nis|nds)" \
    "id:2001,phase:2,deny,status:403,msg:'CVE-2021-44228 Log4j RCE attempt',logdata:'Matched Data: %{MATCHED_VAR} found within %{MATCHED_VAR_NAME}'"

# CVE-2017-9805 (Struts REST XStream)
SecRule REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type "@contains application/x-www-form-urlencoded" \
    "id:2002,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'CVE-2017-9805 Struts REST XStream',chain"
    SecRule REQUEST_BODY "@contains <java." \
        "id:2002-1,phase:2,deny,status:403"

# CVE-2018-11776 (Apache Struts RCE)
SecRule REQUEST_URI "@rx /?action:.*\\$\\{.*\\}" \
    "id:2003,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'CVE-2018-11776 Struts RCE'"

# CVE-2019-19781 (Citrix ADC/NetScaler RCE)
SecRule REQUEST_URI "@contains /vpns/" \
    "id:2004,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'CVE-2019-19781 Citrix RCE',chain"
    SecRule REQUEST_URI "@rx /\\.\\./" \
        "id:2004-1,phase:1,deny,status:403"

# CVE-2021-41773/42013 (Apache Path Traversal)
SecRule REQUEST_URI "@rx \\%2e{2,}[/\\\\]" \
    "id:2005,phase:1,deny,status:403,msg:'CVE-2021-41773 Apache Path Traversal'"

2.6 ModSecurity 日志配置

# 审计日志
SecAuditEngine RelevantOnly
SecAuditLogRelevantStatus "^(?:5|4(?!04))"
SecAuditLogParts ABIJDEFHZ
SecAuditLogType Serial
SecAuditLog /var/log/modsec/audit.log

# 调试日志（仅测试时使用）
# SecDebugLog /var/log/modsec/debug.log
# SecDebugLogLevel 9

# 自定义日志格式
SecAuditLogFormat JSON

3. DDoS 防护策略

3.1 多层限流架构

http {
    # Layer 1: 全局连接限制
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=global_conn:10m;
    limit_conn_zone $server_name zone=server_conn:10m;

    # Layer 2: 请求速率限制
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ip_req:10m rate=10r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api_req:10m rate=5r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login_req:10m rate=1r/m;
    limit_req_zone $server_name zone=server_req:100m rate=1000r/s;

    # Layer 3: 带宽限制
    limit_rate_after 1m;
    limit_rate 100k;

    server {
        listen 80;

        # 全局连接限制
        limit_conn global_conn 20;
        limit_conn server_conn 1000;
        limit_conn_log_level warn;
        limit_conn_status 503;

        location / {
            # 一般请求限流
            limit_req zone=ip_req burst=20 nodelay;
            limit_req zone=server_req burst=100;
            limit_req_log_level warn;
            limit_req_status 429;

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }

        location /api/ {
            # API 更严格限流
            limit_req zone=api_req burst=10 nodelay;
            limit_req zone=server_req burst=500;

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }

        location /auth/ {
            # 登录接口最严格
            limit_req zone=login_req burst=3 nodelay;
            limit_req_status 429;

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }

        location /download/ {
            # 下载限速
            limit_rate 500k;
            limit_rate_after 5m;

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

3.2 基于地理位置的防护

http {
    # GeoIP 模块（需 ngx_http_geoip_module 或 ngx_http_geoip2_module）
    geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
    geoip_city /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLiteCity.dat;

    map $geoip_country_code $allowed_country {
        default yes;
        CN yes;
        US yes;
        JP yes;
        KR yes;
        GB yes;
        DE yes;
        FR yes;
        # 屏蔽高风险地区
        RU no;
        KP no;
        IR no;
        SY no;
        CU no;
    }

    map $geoip_country_code $country_limit {
        default "ip_req";
        CN "ip_req_cn";
        US "ip_req_us";
        RU "ip_req_block";
    }

    # 针对不同地区的限流区域
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ip_req:10m rate=10r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ip_req_cn:50m rate=50r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ip_req_us:30m rate=30r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=ip_req_block:1m rate=0r/s;

    server {
        # 地区阻断
        if ($allowed_country = no) {
            return 403 "Access denied from your region";
        }

        location / {
            # 应用地区特定限流
            limit_req zone=$country_limit burst=20 nodelay;
            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

3.3 SYN Flood 防护（系统级别）

# /etc/sysctl.conf - 内核参数调优

# SYN Flood 防护
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5

# IP Spoofing 防护
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# ICMP 广播防护
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

# 连接跟踪
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1000000
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established = 600

# 应用配置
sysctl -p

3.4 IP 黑名单/白名单管理

http {
    # 已知恶意 IP 列表
    geo $bad_ip {
        default 0;
        include /etc/nginx/conf.d/bad_ips.conf;
    }

    # 白名单 IP
    geo $whitelist_ip {
        default 0;
        192.168.1.0/24 1;
        10.0.0.0/8 1;
        172.16.0.0/12 1;
        include /etc/nginx/conf.d/whitelist.conf;
    }

    # 实时黑名单（配合 fail2ban）
    geo $blocked_by_fail2ban {
        default 0;
        include /var/lib/nginx/fail2ban-ip.list;
    }

    map $blocked_by_fail2ban $fail2ban_action {
        0 "pass";
        1 "block";
    }

    server {
        listen 80;

        # fail2ban 阻断
        if ($blocked_by_fail2ban) {
            return 444;
        }

        # 已知恶意 IP 阻断
        if ($bad_ip) {
            return 403;
        }

        location / {
            # 白名单 IP 不限流
            if ($whitelist_ip) {
                set $limit_key "";
            }

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

3.5 慢速攻击防护

http {
    # 慢速攻击防护配置
    client_body_timeout 10s;
    client_header_timeout 10s;
    send_timeout 10s;
    client_body_buffer_size 16k;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 8k;

    # 零字节攻击防护
    client_max_body_size 10m;

    server {
        listen 80;

        # 慢速loris防护（使用 limit_conn）
        limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m;

        location / {
            # 限制单 IP 连接数
            limit_conn addr 10;

            # 代理超时设置
            proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
            proxy_send_timeout 10s;
            proxy_read_timeout 10s;

            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

4. OWASP Top 10 防护

4.1 A01:2021 - 访问控制失效

# 路径遍历防护
location ~* \\.(git|svn|env|config|log|sql|backup|bak|swp|old)$ {
    deny all;
    return 404;
}

# 隐藏文件访问防护
location ~ /\\. {
    deny all;
    return 404;
}

# 敏感目录防护
location ~ ^/(api/|admin/|manage/|console/|config/) {
    # IP 白名单
    allow 192.168.1.0/24;
    allow 10.0.0.0/8;
    deny all;

    # 额外认证
    auth_basic "Restricted Area";
    auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;

    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

# 方法限制
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST|PUT|DELETE|PATCH)$) {
    return 405;
}

4.2 A03:2021 - 注入攻击防护

# SQL 注入基础防护
if ($request_uri ~* "(union.*select|select.*from|insert.*into|delete.*from|drop.*table|exec\\(|eval\\(|system\\()") {
    return 403;
}

if ($query_string ~* "(union|select|insert|delete|drop|truncate|update|set|create|alter|exec|script|eval)") {
    return 403;
}

# 命令注入防护
if ($query_string ~* "(\\;|\\||\\`|\\$\\(|\\$\\{|&&|\\|\\|)") {
    return 403;
}

# LDAP 注入防护
if ($request_uri ~* "[\\*\\(\\)\\&\\|]") {
    return 403;
}

# XML/XXE 注入防护
if ($request_body ~* "(<!ENTITY.*SYSTEM|file://|php://|expect://|data://)") {
    return 403;
}

# 在 server/location 中配置
location /api/ {
    # 内容类型验证
    if ($content_type !~ ^(application/json|application/x-www-form-urlencoded|multipart/form-data)$) {
        return 415;
    }

    # 参数长度限制
    if ($request_uri ~ "^.{1000,}$") {
        return 414;
    }

    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

4.3 A04:2021 - 不安全设计

# CORS 安全配置
map $http_origin $cors_allow_origin {
    default "";
    "https://app.example.com" $http_origin;
    "https://admin.example.com" $http_origin;
}

server {
    location /api/ {
        # CORS 预检
        if ($request_method = OPTIONS) {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $cors_allow_origin always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers "Authorization, Content-Type, X-Requested-With" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Max-Age 86400 always;
            return 204;
        }

        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin $cors_allow_origin always;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true" always;

        # CSRF Token 验证（可选）
        if ($http_x_csrf_token = "") {
            return 403 "CSRF token required";
        }

        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

4.4 A07:2021 - 身份认证失效

# 会话安全
add_header Set-Cookie "Path=/; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Strict" always;

# JWT 令牌传输安全
location /api/ {
    # 禁止不安全的令牌传输
    if ($http_authorization ~* "Bearer.*[\\s\\\\t]") {
        return 400 "Invalid token format";
    }

    # 强制 HTTPS 传输令牌
    if ($scheme = http) {
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    }

    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

# 登录接口强化
location /api/login {
    # 严格的限流
    limit_req zone=login_req burst=3 nodelay;

    # 方法限制
    if ($request_method != POST) {
        return 405;
    }

    # 内容类型限制
    if ($content_type != "application/json") {
        return 415;
    }

    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

# 密码重置保护
location /api/reset-password {
    limit_req zone=reset_req burst=2 nodelay;
    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

4.5 A08:2021 - 软件和数据完整性故障

# 反序列化防护
location /api/ {
    # 阻止 Java 序列化对象
    if ($content_type = "application/x-java-serialized-object") {
        return 403;
    }

    # 阻止 .NET 序列化
    if ($content_type = "application/octet-stream") {
        if ($request_uri ~* \\.aspx|\.asmx|\.rem|\.soap) {
            return 403;
        }
    }

    # 请求体大小限制（防止大型序列化攻击）
    client_max_body_size 1m;

    proxy_pass http://backend;
}

# 子资源完整性检查
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;

5. 安全响应头完整配置

5.1 完整安全响应头模板

# 安全响应头配置文件 /etc/nginx/conf.d/security-headers.conf

# 基础安全头
add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=(), payment=(), usb=(), magnetometer=(), gyroscope=(), midi=(), sync-xhr=(), accelerometer=(), ambient-light-sensor=(), autoplay=(), encrypted-media=(), fullscreen=(), picture-in-picture=(), screen-wake-lock=(), web-share=()" always;

# HSTS（仅 HTTPS）
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;

# CSP（内容安全策略）- 基础版
add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' *.trusted-cdn.com; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' *.trusted-cdn.com; img-src 'self' data: blob: *.trusted-cdn.com; font-src 'self' *.trusted-cdn.com; connect-src 'self' *.api.example.com; media-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; frame-src 'self'; frame-ancestors 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self'; upgrade-insecure-requests;" always;

# 高级 CSP（报告模式）
add_header Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; report-uri /csp-report;" always;

# 其他安全头
add_header Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy "require-corp" always;
add_header Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy "same-origin" always;
add_header Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy "same-origin" always;

5.2 按路径定制 CSP

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name example.com;

    # 默认严格 CSP
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'; style-src 'self';" always;

    # 管理后台放宽策略（需要内联脚本）
    location /admin/ {
        add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data:;" always;
        proxy_pass http://admin_backend;
    }

    # API 端点
    location /api/ {
        # API 不需要 CSP
        add_header Content-Security-Policy "" always;
        add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
        proxy_pass http://api_backend;
    }

    # 静态资源
    location ~* \\.(css|js|png|jpg|jpeg|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2|ttf|eot)$ {
        add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=31536000, immutable" always;
        # 静态资源不需要所有安全头
        expires 1y;
    }
}

5.3 CSP 策略参考表

指令	说明	示例值
`default-src`	默认加载策略	`'self'`
`script-src`	JavaScript 来源	`'self' 'unsafe-inline' *.cdn.com`
`style-src`	CSS 来源	`'self' 'unsafe-inline'`
`img-src`	图片来源	`'self' data: blob: https:`
`font-src`	字体来源	`'self' fonts.gstatic.com`
`connect-src`	XHR/WebSocket	`'self' wss://api.example.com`
`frame-src`	iframe 来源	`'self' https://trusted.com`
`frame-ancestors`	谁可以嵌入	`'none'` / `'self'`
`form-action`	表单提交目标	`'self'`
`base-uri`	base 标签限制	`'self'`
`object-src`	插件内容	`'none'`

5.4 安全响应头测试

# 检查响应头
curl -I https://example.com

# 完整安全头检查
curl -s -D- -o /dev/null https://example.com | grep -E "^((Strict-Transport-Security|Content-Security-Policy|X-Frame-Options|X-Content-Type-Options|Referrer-Policy|Permissions-Policy|X-XSS-Protection|Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy|Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy|Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy):)"

# 使用安全测试网站
# https://securityheaders.com/
# https://observatory.mozilla.org/

6. CVE 历史漏洞与修复版本

6.1 高危 CVE 漏洞表

CVE ID	影响版本	严重程度	漏洞描述	修复版本
CVE-2024-24990	1.25.4	High	HTTP/3 队头阻塞	1.25.4+
CVE-2024-24989	1.25.4	Medium	HTTP/3 拒绝服务	1.25.4+
CVE-2023-44487	1.25.0-1.25.2	High	HTTP/2 快速重置攻击	1.25.3+
CVE-2023-4276	1.25.0-1.25.1	Medium	HTTP/2 内存泄漏	1.25.2+
CVE-2022-41742	1.23.0-1.23.1	High	mp4 模块内存越界	1.23.2+
CVE-2022-41741	1.23.0-1.23.1	High	mp4 模块内存越界	1.23.2+
CVE-2021-23017	0.6.18-1.20.0	High	DNS 解析器缓冲区溢出	1.20.1+
CVE-2019-9511	1.9.5-1.17.2	High	HTTP/2 空字节流拒绝服务	1.17.3+
CVE-2019-9513	1.9.5-1.17.2	High	HTTP/2 优先队列资源耗尽	1.17.3+
CVE-2019-9516	1.9.5-1.17.2	High	HTTP/2 零长度头部攻击	1.17.3+
CVE-2018-16843	1.1.3-1.15.5	Medium	HTTP/2 内存消耗	1.15.6+
CVE-2018-16844	1.1.3-1.15.5	Medium	HTTP/2 大流ID导致CPU耗尽	1.15.6+
CVE-2017-7529	1.5.6-1.13.2	Medium	整数溢出导致信息泄露	1.13.3+
CVE-2016-1247	1.6.0-1.10.1	Low	日志目录权限问题	1.10.2+
CVE-2016-0742	1.9.0-1.9.9	Medium	拒绝服务漏洞	1.9.10+
CVE-2014-0133	1.5.6-1.5.10	High	工作进程内存损坏	1.5.11+
CVE-2013-4547	0.8.41-1.5.6	High	安全限制绕过	1.5.7+

6.2 版本安全建议

# 检查当前版本
nginx -v

# 查看编译模块和配置参数
nginx -V

# 建议使用的安全版本
# 主线版本: 1.25.x（最新功能）
# 稳定版本: 1.24.x（推荐生产环境）

# 自动更新检查脚本
#!/bin/bash
CURRENT=$(nginx -v 2>&1 | grep -oP 'nginx/\\K[0-9.]+')
LATEST=$(curl -s https://nginx.org/en/download.html | grep -oP 'Stable version.*?nginx-[0-9.]+' | grep -oP '[0-9.]+$' | head -1)

if [ "$CURRENT" != "$LATEST" ]; then
    echo "警告: NGINX 版本 $CURRENT 需要更新到 $LATEST"
    # 发送通知...
fi

6.3 安全更新流程

# 1. 备份当前配置
cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf.backup.$(date +%Y%m%d)
tar -czf /backup/nginx-config-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /etc/nginx/

# 2. 测试新配置
nginx -t

# 3. 平滑升级（热升级）
# 下载并编译新版本
make upgrade

# 或使用包管理器
apt-get update && apt-get install --only-upgrade nginx

# 4. 验证升级
nginx -v
systemctl status nginx

# 5. 回滚准备（保留旧二进制）
mv /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx.old

7. 安全审计日志配置

7.1 安全审计日志格式

# /etc/nginx/conf.d/audit-log.conf

# 安全审计专用日志格式
log_format security '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
                   '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
                   '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
                   'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                   'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time" '
                   'ssl_protocol=$ssl_protocol ssl_cipher=$ssl_cipher '
                   'req_id=$request_id '
                   'xff=$http_x_forwarded_for '
                   'real_ip=$http_x_real_ip '
                   'cc=$geoip_country_code '
                   'city=$geoip_city ';

# 攻击检测日志格式
log_format attack '$time_iso8601|$remote_addr|$request_method|$request_uri|'
                  '$status|$http_user_agent|$http_referer|'
                  '$request_time|$upstream_response_time|'
                  '$http_x_forwarded_for|$geoip_country_code|'
                  '$connection_requests|$msec';

# 安全事件日志
log_format security_event 'time=$time_iso8601 '
                          'client=$remote_addr '
                          'method=$request_method '
                          'uri="$request_uri" '
                          'status=$status '
                          'request_length=$request_length '
                          'body_bytes_sent=$body_bytes_sent '
                          'referer="$http_referer" '
                          'user_agent="$http_user_agent" '
                          'cookie=$http_cookie '
                          'authorization=$http_authorization '
                          'content_type=$content_type '
                          'content_length=$content_length '
                          'host=$host '
                          'server_name=$server_name '
                          'request_id=$request_id '
                          'ssl_session_id=$ssl_session_id '
                          'ssl_session_reused=$ssl_session_reused';

7.2 条件日志记录

http {
    # 仅记录特定状态码
    map $status $loggable {
        ~^[23] 0;    # 2xx/3xx 不记录
        default 1;    # 其他记录
    }

    # 仅记录慢请求
    map $request_time $slow_request {
        ~^[0-2]\\. 0;    # < 3s 不记录
        default 1;         # >= 3s 记录
    }

    # 合并条件
    map "${loggable}${slow_request}" $security_log {
        "00" 0;
        default 1;
    }

    server {
        access_log /var/log/nginx/security.log security if=$security_log;

        location / {
            proxy_pass http://backend;
        }
    }
}

7.3 安全事件过滤

# 记录特定安全事件
map "$status:$request_method:$http_user_agent" $security_event {
    default 0;

    # 记录所有 401/403
    "~^401" 1;
    "~^403" 1;
    "~^404" 1;

    # 记录攻击特征
    "~*sqlmap" 1;
    "~*nikto" 1;
    "~*nmap" 1;

    # 记录 POST 到敏感路径
    "~*:POST:.*/(admin|config|setup|install|phpmyadmin)" 1;
}

server {
    access_log /var/log/nginx/security-events.log attack if=$security_event;

    # 错误日志分离
    error_log /var/log/nginx/security-error.log warn;
}

7.4 日志轮转与保留

# /etc/logrotate.d/nginx-security
/var/log/nginx/security*.log {
    daily
    missingok
    rotate 90
    compress
    delaycompress
    notifempty
    create 0640 www-data adm
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
        if [ -f /var/run/nginx.pid ]; then
            kill -USR1 $(cat /var/run/nginx.pid)
        fi
    endscript
}

# 攻击日志长期保留
/var/log/nginx/attack*.log {
    weekly
    missingok
    rotate 520    # 保留 10 年
    compress
    delaycompress
    create 0640 www-data adm
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
        kill -USR1 $(cat /var/run/nginx.pid)
    endscript
}

7.5 实时安全监控脚本

#!/bin/bash
# /usr/local/bin/nginx-security-monitor.sh

LOG_FILE="/var/log/nginx/security.log"
ALERT_THRESHOLD=100      # 每分钟请求数阈值
BLOCK_THRESHOLD=10       # 触发封禁的异常请求数

# 实时监控
tail -F $LOG_FILE | while read line; do
    # 提取 IP
    ip=$(echo "$line" | awk '{print $1}')

    # 检查攻击模式
    if echo "$line" | grep -qE "(union|select|script|alert|eval\\(|system\\()"; then
        echo "$(date): SQL/XSS 攻击检测: $ip - $line" >> /var/log/nginx/alerts.log
        # 可选：自动添加到黑名单
        # echo "deny $ip;" >> /etc/nginx/conf.d/auto-block.conf
    fi

    # 检查扫描行为
    if echo "$line" | grep -qE "(\\.env|\\.git|config\\.xml|phpmyadmin|wp-admin)"; then
        echo "$(date): 敏感路径扫描: $ip - $line" >> /var/log/nginx/alerts.log
    fi
done

8. 完整安全配置示例

8.1 生产环境安全配置

# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf - 安全强化主配置

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

# 加载动态模块
load_module modules/ngx_http_geoip_module.so;
load_module modules/ngx_http_modsecurity_module.so;

events {
    worker_connections 4096;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

http {
    # 基础设置
    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;

    # 隐藏版本号
    server_tokens off;

    # 字符编码
    charset utf-8;

    # 日志格式
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
                    'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
                    'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time"';

    log_format security '$remote_addr - $time_iso8601 - "$request" - $status - '
                        '"$http_user_agent" - "$http_referer" - '
                        'req_time=$request_time - xff="$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;

    # 性能优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    # Gzip 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_proxied any;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types text/plain text/css text/xml application/json application/javascript application/rss+xml application/atom+xml image/svg+xml;

    # 客户端限制
    client_max_body_size 10m;
    client_body_buffer_size 128k;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 8k;
    client_body_timeout 12s;
    client_header_timeout 12s;

    # 缓冲区设置
    proxy_buffer_size 4k;
    proxy_buffers 8 4k;
    proxy_busy_buffers_size 8k;

    # GeoIP
    geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
    geoip_city /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLiteCity.dat;

    # 限流区域
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit:10m rate=10r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api_limit:10m rate=50r/s;
    limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=login_limit:10m rate=1r/m;
    limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;

    # Bot 检测
    map $http_user_agent $bot_type {
        default "human";
        ~*googlebot "good_bot";
        ~*bingbot "good_bot";
        ~*sqlmap "bad_bot";
        ~*nikto "bad_bot";
        ~*nmap "bad_bot";
        ~*curl "tool";
        ~*wget "tool";
    }

    # 国家代码映射
    map $geoip_country_code $allowed_country {
        default yes;
        CN yes;
        US yes;
        JP yes;
        RU no;
        KP no;
        IR no;
    }

    # 包含其他配置
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

8.2 HTTPS 站点安全配置

# /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;

    # SSL 证书
    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.key;

    # SSL 配置
    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;
    ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/ssl/dhparam.pem;

    # SSL 会话
    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
    ssl_session_tickets off;

    # OCSP Stapling
    ssl_stapling on;
    ssl_stapling_verify on;
    ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/example.com.chain.crt;
    resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;
    resolver_timeout 5s;

    # 安全响应头
    add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
    add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
    add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()" always;
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' data: https:; font-src 'self' https:; connect-src 'self' https://api.example.com; frame-ancestors 'self'; form-action 'self'; base-uri 'self';" always;
    add_header Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy "require-corp" always;
    add_header Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy "same-origin" always;
    add_header Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy "same-origin" always;

    # 根目录
    root /var/www/example.com;
    index index.html index.htm;

    # 日志
    access_log /var/log/nginx/example.com-access.log main;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/example.com-error.log warn;

    # 全局限制
    limit_conn conn_limit 20;
    limit_req zone=req_limit burst=20 nodelay;

    # 安全过滤
    if ($bad_ip) {
        return 444;
    }

    if ($allowed_country = no) {
        return 403;
    }

    # 敏感文件保护
    location ~ /\\. {
        deny all;
        return 404;
    }

    location ~* \\.(git|svn|env|config|log|sql|backup|bak|swp|old|orig|save)$ {
        deny all;
        return 404;
    }

    # 静态资源
    location ~* \\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js|woff|woff2|ttf|eot|svg)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
        add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
        access_log off;
    }

    # API 路由
    location /api/ {
        limit_req zone=api_limit burst=50 nodelay;

        # 内容类型验证
        if ($content_type !~ ^(application/json|application/x-www-form-urlencoded|multipart/form-data)$) {
            return 415;
        }

        # 方法限制
        if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|POST|PUT|DELETE|PATCH|OPTIONS)$) {
            return 405;
        }

        # CORS
        if ($request_method = OPTIONS) {
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "https://example.com" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, OPTIONS" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers "Authorization, Content-Type, X-Requested-With" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true" always;
            add_header Access-Control-Max-Age 86400 always;
            return 204;
        }

        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "https://example.com" always;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true" always;

        proxy_pass http://api_backend;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_set_header X-Request-ID $request_id;
    }

    # 认证路由
    location /auth/ {
        limit_req zone=login_limit burst=3 nodelay;

        proxy_pass http://auth_backend;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
    }

    # 主应用
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;

        # 安全响应头（静态页面）
        add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
        add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
    }
}

8.3 WAF 完整配置

# /etc/nginx/conf.d/waf.conf

# ModSecurity 全局配置
modsecurity on;
modsecurity_rules_file /etc/nginx/modsecurity/main.conf;

# 特定路径规则
server {
    location / {
        # 启用完整 CRS
        modsecurity_rules '
            SecRuleEngine On
            SecRequestBodyAccess On
            SecResponseBodyAccess On
            SecResponseBodyLimit 524288
            SecResponseBodyLimitAction ProcessPartial

            # 文件上传限制
            SecRequestBodyLimit 13107200
            SecRequestBodyNoFilesLimit 131072

            # 允许文件上传类型
            SecRule REQUEST_FILENAME "@rx \\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|pdf|doc|docx)$" \
                "id:2000,phase:1,pass,nolog,ctl:requestBodyLimit=52428800"

            # 加载 CRS
            Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/crs-setup.conf
            Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/*.conf

            # 自定义排除
            SecRule REQUEST_URI "@beginsWith /api/webhook" \
                "id:9000,phase:1,pass,nolog,ctl:ruleRemoveById=920350"
        ';

        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }

    # 静态资源跳过 WAF
    location ~* \\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|css|js|woff|woff2|ttf|eot|svg|ico)$ {
        modsecurity off;
        expires 1y;
        access_log off;
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

8.4 安全配置检查清单

## 部署前检查清单

### 基础安全
- [ ] 使用最新稳定版 NGINX
- [ ] server_tokens 设置为 off
- [ ] 禁用不安全的 SSL 协议（SSLv2/SSLv3/TLSv1.0/TLSv1.1）
- [ ] 配置安全的加密套件
- [ ] 启用 HSTS
- [ ] 配置所有安全响应头

### 访问控制
- [ ] 管理后台 IP 白名单
- [ ] 敏感文件/目录访问限制
- [ ] 地理位置访问控制（如需要）
- [ ] User-Agent 过滤

### 请求限制
- [ ] 请求速率限制（通用）
- [ ] API 专用限流
- [ ] 登录接口严格限流
- [ ] 连接数限制
- [ ] 带宽限制

### WAF 防护
- [ ] ModSecurity 安装配置
- [ ] CRS 规则集加载
- [ ] 虚拟补丁规则
- [ ] 自定义业务规则
- [ ] 排除规则测试

### 日志监控
- [ ] 安全审计日志配置
- [ ] 日志轮转设置
- [ ] 实时监控脚本
- [ ] fail2ban 集成

### 性能与安全平衡
- [ ] 静态资源缓存策略
- [ ] 安全头对静态资源的影响
- [ ] WAF 对性能的损耗评估
- [ ] 限流阈值合理性测试

### 测试验证
- [ ] SSL Labs A+ 评分
- [ ] Security Headers 检查
- [ ] OWASP ZAP 扫描
- [ ] 渗透测试
- [ ] 性能基准测试

附录：常用安全测试命令

# SSL/TLS 测试
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -tls1_2
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -tls1_3
testssl.sh example.com

# 安全响应头检查
curl -I -s https://example.com | grep -E "^(Strict-Transport-Security|Content-Security-Policy|X-Frame-Options)"

# 漏洞扫描基础
curl -s https://example.com/.env && echo "DANGER: .env exposed!"
curl -s https://example.com/.git/HEAD && echo "DANGER: .git exposed!"
curl -s https://example.com/config.xml && echo "DANGER: config exposed!"

# 压力测试（限流验证）
ab -n 1000 -c 100 https://example.com/api/test
siege -c 50 -t 30s https://example.com/

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NGINX 安全深度指南

目录

1. Bot 检测与防护

1.1 基于 User-Agent 的 Bot 识别

1.2 验证爬虫真实性

1.3 基于行为的 Bot 检测

1.4 挑战-响应机制（使用 Lua）

1.5 Bot 管理策略表

2. WAF 配置深度指南（ModSecurity）

2.1 ModSecurity 编译安装

2.2 核心配置

2.3 ModSecurity 核心规则集（CRS）

2.4 规则集加载配置

2.5 虚拟补丁配置

2.6 ModSecurity 日志配置

3. DDoS 防护策略

3.1 多层限流架构

3.2 基于地理位置的防护

3.3 SYN Flood 防护（系统级别）

3.4 IP 黑名单/白名单管理

3.5 慢速攻击防护

4. OWASP Top 10 防护

4.1 A01:2021 - 访问控制失效

4.2 A03:2021 - 注入攻击防护

4.3 A04:2021 - 不安全设计

4.4 A07:2021 - 身份认证失效

4.5 A08:2021 - 软件和数据完整性故障

5. 安全响应头完整配置

5.1 完整安全响应头模板

5.2 按路径定制 CSP

5.3 CSP 策略参考表

5.4 安全响应头测试

6. CVE 历史漏洞与修复版本

6.1 高危 CVE 漏洞表

6.2 版本安全建议

6.3 安全更新流程

7. 安全审计日志配置

7.1 安全审计日志格式

7.2 条件日志记录

7.3 安全事件过滤

7.4 日志轮转与保留

7.5 实时安全监控脚本

8. 完整安全配置示例

8.1 生产环境安全配置

8.2 HTTPS 站点安全配置

8.3 WAF 完整配置

8.4 安全配置检查清单

附录：常用安全测试命令

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