- Add Go module initialization (go 1.26) - Add comprehensive NGINX documentation covering: - Overview, installation, HTTP core module - Proxy/load balancing, SSL/TLS, URL rewrite - Compression/caching, logging/monitoring - Security, TCP/UDP stream, mail proxy - Performance tuning, Git commit guide - Add standard Go .gitignore Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
482 lines
8.5 KiB
Markdown
482 lines
8.5 KiB
Markdown
# NGINX 安全与访问控制指南
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## 1. 访问控制
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### IP 访问控制
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```nginx
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# 允许/拒绝特定 IP
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location /admin/ {
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allow 192.168.1.0/24;
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allow 10.0.0.1;
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deny all;
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}
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# 仅允许本地访问内部接口
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location /internal/ {
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allow 127.0.0.1;
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deny all;
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}
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```
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### 地理位置访问控制(GeoIP)
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```nginx
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http {
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geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
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map $geoip_country_code $allowed_country {
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default no;
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CN yes;
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US yes;
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}
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server {
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if ($allowed_country = no) {
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return 403;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 2. HTTP 基础认证
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### 配置认证
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```nginx
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location /admin/ {
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auth_basic "Admin Area";
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auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;
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}
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```
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### 创建密码文件
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```bash
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# 使用 htpasswd 创建
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htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/.htpasswd user1
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htpasswd /etc/nginx/.htpasswd user2
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# 使用 openssl
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echo "user1:$(openssl passwd -apr1 password1)" > /etc/nginx/.htpasswd
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```
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### 密码文件格式
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```
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# 注释
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user1:encrypted_password1
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user2:encrypted_password2:comment
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```
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**支持的密码类型**:
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- `crypt()` 加密
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- MD5 哈希(apr1)
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- `{scheme}data` 语法(RFC 2307)
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### 组合访问控制
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```nginx
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location /admin/ {
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auth_basic "Admin Area";
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auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;
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# 认证通过后,还需 IP 白名单
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satisfy any; # any 或 all
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allow 192.168.1.0/24;
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deny all;
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}
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```
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---
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## 3. 请求限制
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### 请求速率限制
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```nginx
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http {
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# 定义限制区域
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limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit:10m rate=10r/s;
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limit_req_zone $server_name zone=server_limit:10m rate=100r/s;
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server {
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location /api/ {
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# 应用限制
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limit_req zone=req_limit burst=20 nodelay;
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limit_req zone=server_limit burst=50;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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**参数说明**:
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| 参数 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `zone=name:size` | 共享内存区域 |
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| `rate=Nr/s` | 请求速率(每秒 N 个请求) |
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| `burst=N` | 突发请求数量 |
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| `nodelay` | 不延迟过量请求 |
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| `delay=N` | 开始延迟的阈值 |
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### 连接数限制
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```nginx
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http {
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limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;
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server {
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location /download/ {
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limit_conn conn_limit 10; # 每个 IP 最多 10 个连接
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limit_conn_status 503; # 超限返回 503
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limit_conn_log_level warn; # 日志级别
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}
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}
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}
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```
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### 综合限制示例
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```nginx
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http {
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# 请求速率限制
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limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=req_limit:10m rate=10r/s;
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# 连接数限制
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limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=conn_limit:10m;
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server {
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# 全局限制
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limit_req zone=req_limit burst=20 nodelay;
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limit_conn conn_limit 20;
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location /api/ {
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# API 接口更严格
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limit_req zone=req_limit burst=5 nodelay;
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limit_conn conn_limit 5;
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}
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location /static/ {
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# 静态资源不限制
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limit_req off;
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limit_conn off;
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}
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## 4. 安全头部
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### 基础安全头部
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```nginx
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server {
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# 隐藏版本号
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server_tokens off;
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# HSTS(强制 HTTPS)
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add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload" always;
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# 防止 MIME 类型嗅探
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add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;
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# XSS 保护
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add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;
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# 点击劫持保护
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add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;
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# CSP
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add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';" always;
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# Referrer 策略
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add_header Referrer-Policy "strict-origin-when-cross-origin" always;
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# 权限策略
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add_header Permissions-Policy "geolocation=(), microphone=(), camera=()" always;
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}
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```
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### X-Frame-Options 选项
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| 值 | 说明 |
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|-----|------|
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| `DENY` | 完全禁止 iframe 嵌入 |
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| `SAMEORIGIN` | 仅允许同源 iframe |
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| `ALLOW-FROM uri` | 允许指定来源(已废弃) |
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---
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## 5. 防盗链
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### 基础防盗链
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```nginx
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location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|webp|flv|mp4|swf)$ {
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valid_referers none blocked server_names *.example.com example.* ~\.google\.;
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if ($invalid_referer) {
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return 403;
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# 或返回替代图片
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# rewrite ^/.*$ /hotlink.png break;
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}
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}
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```
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### valid_referers 参数
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| 参数 | 说明 |
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|------|------|
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| `none` | 缺少 Referer 头 |
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| `blocked` | Referer 被 firewall 等删除 |
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| `server_names` | server_name 中的域名 |
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| `*.domain` | 通配符域名 |
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| `~regex` | 正则表达式 |
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---
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## 6. SSL/TLS 安全
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### 协议配置
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 443 ssl;
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server_name example.com;
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# 仅启用安全协议
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ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
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# 安全加密套件
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ssl_ciphers ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
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ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
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# DH 参数
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ssl_dhparam /etc/nginx/ssl/dhparam.pem;
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# 会话配置
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ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
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ssl_session_timeout 10m;
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ssl_session_tickets off;
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# OCSP Stapling
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ssl_stapling on;
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ssl_stapling_verify on;
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}
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```
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### 生成 DH 参数
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```bash
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openssl dhparam -out /etc/nginx/ssl/dhparam.pem 2048
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```
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---
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## 7. 防止常见攻击
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### SQL 注入防护
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```nginx
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# 阻止可疑请求
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if ($request_uri ~* "(union|select|insert|drop|delete|update|cast|script|alert)") {
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return 403;
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}
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# 或使用 ModSecurity 模块
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```
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### 防止目录遍历
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```nginx
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location ~* \.(git|svn|htpasswd|htaccess|env) {
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deny all;
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return 404;
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}
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# 禁止访问隐藏文件
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location ~ /\. {
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deny all;
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return 404;
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}
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```
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### 限制请求方法
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```nginx
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location / {
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if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) {
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return 405;
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}
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}
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```
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### 限制请求体大小
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```nginx
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http {
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client_max_body_size 10m;
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client_body_buffer_size 128k;
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}
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```
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### 超时设置
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```nginx
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http {
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client_body_timeout 10s;
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client_header_timeout 10s;
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send_timeout 10s;
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}
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```
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---
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## 8. 限制特定 User-Agent
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```nginx
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# 阻止恶意爬虫
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if ($http_user_agent ~* (bot|crawl|spider|scraper)) {
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return 403;
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}
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# 阻止特定工具
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if ($http_user_agent ~* (wget|curl|python-requests|scrapy)) {
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return 403;
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}
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# 使用 map 更优雅
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map $http_user_agent $block_ua {
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default 0;
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~*bot 1;
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~*crawl 1;
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~*spider 1;
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}
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if ($block_ua) {
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return 403;
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}
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```
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---
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## 9. WAF 配置(ModSecurity)
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### 安装 ModSecurity
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```bash
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# Ubuntu/Debian
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apt install libmodsecurity3 modsecurity-crs
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# 加载模块
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load_module modules/ngx_http_modsecurity_module.so;
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```
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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modsecurity on;
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modsecurity_rules_file /etc/nginx/modsecurity.conf;
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# 使用 OWASP Core Rule Set
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modsecurity_rules '
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Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/*.conf
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Include /usr/share/modsecurity-crs/rules/*.conf
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';
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```
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---
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## 10. fail2ban 集成
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### 创建 filter
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```ini
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# /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nginx-limit-req.conf
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[Definition]
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failregex = ^<HOST> -.*"(GET|POST|HEAD).*" (403|404|444|503).*$
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ignoreregex =
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```
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### 创建 jail
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```ini
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# /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
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[nginx-limit-req]
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enabled = true
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filter = nginx-limit-req
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port = http,https
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logpath = /var/log/nginx/*error.log
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findtime = 60
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bantime = 3600
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maxretry = 10
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```
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---
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## 11. 安全配置检查清单
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### 基础安全
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- [ ] 隐藏版本号 (`server_tokens off`)
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- [ ] 禁用 SSLv2/SSLv3/TLSv1.0/TLSv1.1
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- [ ] 配置 HSTS
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- [ ] 设置安全头部
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- [ ] 禁用自动索引 (`autoindex off`)
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- [ ] 禁止访问隐藏文件
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### 访问控制
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- [ ] 管理后台 IP 白名单
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- [ ] 内部接口认证保护
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- [ ] 敏感目录访问限制
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### 请求限制
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- [ ] 请求速率限制
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- [ ] 连接数限制
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- [ ] 请求体大小限制
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- [ ] 请求超时设置
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### SSL/TLS
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- [ ] 使用 TLSv1.2/TLSv1.3
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- [ ] 配置安全加密套件
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- [ ] 启用 OCSP Stapling
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- [ ] 配置 DH 参数
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- [ ] 禁用会话票据(或轮转密钥)
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### 日志监控
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- [ ] 记录访问日志
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- [ ] 监控异常请求
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- [ ] 配置 fail2ban
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---
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## 12. 安全测试工具
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### 在线测试
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- SSL Labs: https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/
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- Security Headers: https://securityheaders.com/
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- Observatory: https://observatory.mozilla.org/
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### 命令行工具
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```bash
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# SSL 测试
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testssl.sh example.com
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# 头部检查
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curl -I https://example.com
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# 漏洞扫描
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nikto -h https://example.com
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nmap --script http-vuln* -p 443 example.com
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``` |