主要变更: - WebSocket 代理支持 (internal/proxy/websocket.go) - OCSP stapling 实现 (internal/ssl/ocsp.go) - 监控状态端点 (internal/server/status.go) - 新增 nginx 模块文档 (19-24) - UDP 代理超时配置支持 - 多模块代码注释完善和功能增强 Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
1666 lines
42 KiB
Markdown
1666 lines
42 KiB
Markdown
# NGINX HTTP 功能模块详解
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本文档详细介绍 NGINX 常用的 HTTP 功能模块及其配置方法。
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---
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## 1. ngx_http_access_module (访问控制模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_access_module 模块用于限制对某些客户端地址的访问,提供简单的基于 IP 的访问控制功能。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `allow` | `allow address \| CIDR \| unix: \| all;` | - | 允许指定地址访问 | http, server, location, limit_except |
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| `deny` | `deny address \| CIDR \| unix: \| all;` | - | 拒绝指定地址访问 | http, server, location, limit_except |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 拒绝单个 IP
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location /admin/ {
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deny 192.168.1.1;
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allow 192.168.1.0/24;
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deny all;
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}
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# 只允许内网访问管理后台
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name admin.example.com;
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location / {
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allow 10.0.0.0/8;
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allow 172.16.0.0/12;
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allow 192.168.0.0/16;
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deny all;
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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}
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# 拒绝特定网段,允许其他
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location /api/ {
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deny 192.168.1.0/24;
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allow all;
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}
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **管理后台保护**:限制只有内网 IP 可以访问管理后台
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- **API 访问控制**:限制特定 IP 才能调用敏感 API
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- **防御恶意 IP**:封禁已知的攻击源 IP 地址
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---
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## 2. ngx_http_auth_basic_module (基础认证模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_auth_basic_module 模块允许使用 HTTP 基本认证协议验证用户名和密码,提供简单的用户名/密码访问控制。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `auth_basic` | `auth_basic string \| off;` | `off` | 启用基本认证并设置提示信息 | http, server, location, limit_except |
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| `auth_basic_user_file` | `auth_basic_user_file file;` | - | 指定密码文件路径 | http, server, location, limit_except |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 基本认证配置
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location /admin/ {
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auth_basic "Administrator's Area";
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auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;
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}
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# 生成密码文件
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# 使用 htpasswd 工具
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# htpasswd -c /etc/nginx/.htpasswd username
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# 使用 openssl 生成
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# printf "username:$(openssl passwd -crypt password)\n" >> /etc/nginx/.htpasswd
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# 多区域不同认证
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com;
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location /admin/ {
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auth_basic "Admin Area";
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auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/admin.htpasswd;
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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location /api/private/ {
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auth_basic "API Access";
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auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/api.htpasswd;
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proxy_pass http://api_backend;
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}
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}
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```
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### 密码文件格式
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```
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# /etc/nginx/.htpasswd
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username1:encrypted_password1
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username2:encrypted_password2
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **开发环境保护**:为开发环境添加简单密码保护
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- **内部文档访问**:限制内部文档仅供授权用户访问
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- **简单后台管理**:小型项目的后台管理保护
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---
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## 3. ngx_http_auth_request_module (请求认证模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_auth_request_module 模块通过子请求实现基于外部服务的认证,允许向认证服务发送请求验证用户身份。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `auth_request` | `auth_request uri \| off;` | `off` | 启用认证请求并指定认证 URI | http, server, location |
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| `auth_request_set` | `auth_request_set $variable value;` | - | 从认证响应中设置变量 | http, server, location |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 基础认证代理配置
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location /private/ {
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auth_request /auth;
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auth_request_set $auth_status $upstream_status;
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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# 认证服务 location
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location = /auth {
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internal;
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proxy_pass http://auth-server/verify;
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proxy_pass_request_body off;
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proxy_set_header Content-Length "";
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proxy_set_header X-Original-URI $request_uri;
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proxy_set_header X-Original-Method $request_method;
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}
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# 完整示例:JWT 验证
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name api.example.com;
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location /api/ {
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auth_request /auth_jwt;
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auth_request_set $auth_user $upstream_http_x_user_id;
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auth_request_set $auth_roles $upstream_http_x_roles;
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proxy_set_header X-User-ID $auth_user;
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proxy_set_header X-Roles $auth_roles;
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proxy_pass http://api_backend;
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}
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location = /auth_jwt {
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internal;
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proxy_pass http://auth-service/validate;
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proxy_pass_request_body off;
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proxy_set_header Content-Length "";
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proxy_set_header Authorization $http_authorization;
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proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
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}
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}
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# 带缓存的认证
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location /protected/ {
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auth_request /auth;
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auth_request_set $auth_cache $upstream_http_x_auth_cache;
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proxy_cache_key "$cookie_session_id$request_method$host$request_uri";
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **OAuth/JWT 认证**:集成 OAuth2 或 JWT 认证服务
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- **集中式认证**:统一认证中心验证用户身份
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- **多系统单点登录**:实现跨系统的统一认证
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- **自定义认证逻辑**:实现复杂的认证业务逻辑
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---
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## 4. ngx_http_autoindex_module (自动索引模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_autoindex_module 模块用于自动生成目录列表页面,当请求以 `/` 结尾时展示目录内容。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `autoindex` | `autoindex on \| off;` | `off` | 启用自动目录列表 | http, server, location |
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| `autoindex_exact_size` | `autoindex_exact_size on \| off;` | `on` | 显示精确文件大小 | http, server, location |
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| `autoindex_format` | `autoindex_format html \| xml \| json \| jsonp;` | `html` | 目录列表格式 | http, server, location |
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| `autoindex_localtime` | `autoindex_localtime on \| off;` | `off` | 使用本地时间显示 | http, server, location |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 基本目录浏览
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location /files/ {
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root /data/public;
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autoindex on;
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}
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# 优化显示格式
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location /downloads/ {
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root /data/downloads;
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autoindex on;
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autoindex_exact_size off; # 显示 KB/MB 而非字节
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autoindex_localtime on; # 本地时间格式
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}
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# JSON 格式 API
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location /api/files/ {
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root /data/public;
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autoindex on;
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autoindex_format json;
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}
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# 文件服务器配置
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name files.example.com;
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location / {
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root /var/www/files;
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autoindex on;
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autoindex_exact_size off;
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autoindex_localtime on;
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# 美化目录页面(可选)
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add_header X-Robots-Tag "noindex, nofollow";
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}
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}
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **文件下载站**:提供文件目录浏览和下载功能
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- **文档服务器**:文档资源的目录化访问
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- **镜像站点**:软件镜像的目录展示
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- **内部资源共享**:企业内部文件共享访问
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---
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## 5. ngx_http_browser_module (浏览器检测模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_browser_module 模块用于根据 User-Agent 请求头创建变量,标识是否为古老或现代浏览器。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `ancient_browser` | `ancient_browser string ...;` | - | 定义古老浏览器标识 | http, server, location |
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| `ancient_browser_value` | `ancient_browser_value value;` | `1` | 古老浏览器变量值 | http, server, location |
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| `modern_browser` | `modern_browser browser version \| unlisted;` | - | 定义现代浏览器 | http, server, location |
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| `modern_browser_value` | `modern_browser_value value;` | `0` | 现代浏览器变量值 | http, server, location |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 定义古老浏览器
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http {
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ancient_browser "MSIE 6.0";
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ancient_browser "MSIE 5.5";
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ancient_browser "MSIE 5.0";
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ancient_browser "MSIE 4.0";
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# 定义现代浏览器
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modern_browser msie 7.0;
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modern_browser opera 9.0;
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modern_browser safari 3.0;
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modern_browser firefox 3.0;
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modern_browser chrome 1.0;
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server {
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listen 80;
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location / {
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# 古老浏览器重定向
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if ($ancient_browser) {
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rewrite ^ /browser-not-supported.html last;
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}
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# 现代浏览器正常访问
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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}
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}
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# 根据浏览器类型分配不同后端
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name app.example.com;
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location / {
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# 古老浏览器使用兼容版本
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if ($ancient_browser) {
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proxy_pass http://legacy_backend;
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break;
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}
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# 现代浏览器使用标准版本
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proxy_pass http://modern_backend;
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}
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}
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# 浏览器日志记录
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log_format browser '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
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'"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
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'"$http_user_agent" ancient=$ancient_browser';
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access_log /var/log/nginx/browser.log browser;
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **浏览器兼容性提示**:检测古老浏览器提示用户升级
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- **差异化服务**:为不同浏览器提供不同版本的内容
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- **统计分析**:分析用户浏览器分布情况
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- **功能降级**:为古老浏览器提供简化功能
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---
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## 6. ngx_http_charset_module (字符集模块)
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### 概述
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ngx_http_charset_module 模块用于将指定的字符集添加到 Content-Type 响应头,并可以在不同字符集之间转换响应内容。
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### 核心指令
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| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
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|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `charset` | `charset charset \| off;` | `off` | 设置响应字符集 | http, server, location, if in location |
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| `charset_map` | `charset_map source_charset destination_charset { ... }` | - | 定义字符集映射 | http |
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| `override_charset` | `override_charset on \| off;` | `off` | 覆盖源字符集 | http, server, location, if in location |
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| `source_charset` | `source_charset charset;` | - | 设置源字符集 | http, server, location, if in location |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 基本字符集设置
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com;
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charset utf-8;
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source_charset utf-8;
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}
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# 字符集转换
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location /legacy/ {
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source_charset gb2312;
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charset utf-8;
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}
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# 字符集映射定义
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http {
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charset_map koi8-r utf-8 {
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# 从 koi8-r 到 utf-8 的字符映射
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80 E28099; # 单引号
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95 E280A6; # 省略号
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9A C2A0; # 不换行空格
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}
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}
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# 不同路径不同字符集
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server {
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listen 80;
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location /cn/ {
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charset gb2312;
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root /var/www/cn;
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}
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location /en/ {
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charset utf-8;
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root /var/www/en;
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}
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location /jp/ {
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charset shift_jis;
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root /var/www/jp;
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}
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}
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# 根据来源覆盖字符集
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location /api/ {
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charset utf-8;
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override_charset on; # 强制使用 utf-8
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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}
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```
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### 应用场景
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- **多语言网站**:为不同语言设置合适的字符集
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- **遗留系统兼容**:转换旧系统的非 UTF-8 编码
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- **API 标准化**:统一 API 响应字符集为 UTF-8
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- **字符集规范化**:确保所有响应使用正确字符集
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---
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## 7. ngx_http_geo_module (地理位置变量模块)
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### 概述
|
||
|
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ngx_http_geo_module 模块用于根据客户端 IP 地址创建变量,实现基于地理位置的访问控制或内容定制。
|
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### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
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| `geo` | `geo [$address] $variable { ... }` | - | 定义地理位置映射 | http |
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### 配置示例
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```nginx
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# 基本地理位置定义
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http {
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geo $geo {
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default unknown;
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127.0.0.1 local;
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192.168.1.0/24 internal;
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10.0.0.0/8 internal;
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1.2.3.4 china;
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5.6.7.8 usa;
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}
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server {
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listen 80;
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location / {
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add_header X-Geo $geo;
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return 200 "Your location: $geo";
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}
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}
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}
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# 使用变量作为数据源
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geo $arg_ip $geo {
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default unknown;
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192.168.0.0/16 local;
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}
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# 复杂地理位置配置
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geo $geo_country {
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default other;
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include /etc/nginx/geo/countries.conf; # 包含外部文件
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# 中国 IP 段
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1.0.1.0/24 cn;
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1.0.2.0/23 cn;
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1.0.32.0/19 cn;
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# ... 更多 IP 段
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# 美国 IP 段
|
||
3.0.0.0/8 us;
|
||
4.0.0.0/8 us;
|
||
# ... 更多 IP 段
|
||
|
||
delete 127.0.0.0/16; # 删除特定范围
|
||
proxy 192.168.100.1; # 递归查询代理
|
||
proxy_recursive on; # 启用递归代理
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 应用示例:区域路由
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name example.com;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
if ($geo_country = cn) {
|
||
proxy_pass http://cn_backend;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ($geo_country = us) {
|
||
proxy_pass http://us_backend;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://default_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 访问限制
|
||
geo $allowed {
|
||
default 0;
|
||
192.168.0.0/16 1;
|
||
10.0.0.0/8 1;
|
||
172.16.0.0/12 1;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location /admin/ {
|
||
if ($allowed = 0) {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **区域路由**:根据用户地区路由到不同服务器
|
||
- **地理位置限制**:限制或允许特定地区访问
|
||
- **内容定制**:根据地区显示不同内容
|
||
- **访问统计分析**:按地理位置统计访问日志
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 8. ngx_http_geoip_module (GeoIP 模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_geoip_module 模块使用 MaxMind GeoIP 数据库创建变量,提供基于 IP 的地理位置信息(国家、城市、坐标等)。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `geoip_country` | `geoip_country file;` | - | 指定国家数据库 | http |
|
||
| `geoip_city` | `geoip_city file;` | - | 指定城市数据库 | http |
|
||
| `geoip_org` | `geoip_org file;` | - | 指定组织数据库 | http |
|
||
| `geoip_proxy` | `geoip_proxy address \| CIDR;` | - | 定义代理服务器 | http |
|
||
| `geoip_proxy_recursive` | `geoip_proxy_recursive on \| off;` | `off` | 递归搜索代理 | http |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本 GeoIP 配置
|
||
http {
|
||
geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
|
||
geoip_city /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLiteCity.dat;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
location /geo {
|
||
add_header X-Country-Code $geoip_country_code;
|
||
add_header X-Country-Name $geoip_country_name;
|
||
add_header X-City $geoip_city;
|
||
add_header X-Region $geoip_region;
|
||
add_header X-Region-Name $geoip_region_name;
|
||
add_header X-Latitude $geoip_latitude;
|
||
add_header X-Longitude $geoip_longitude;
|
||
|
||
return 200 "Country: $geoip_country_name, City: $geoip_city";
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 代理环境配置
|
||
http {
|
||
geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
|
||
geoip_proxy 192.168.1.0/24;
|
||
geoip_proxy_recursive on;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
proxy_set_header X-Country $geoip_country_code;
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 区域限制示例
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name example.com;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
# 禁止特定国家访问
|
||
if ($geoip_country_code = "CN") {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多数据库配置
|
||
http {
|
||
geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
|
||
geoip_city /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoLiteCity.dat;
|
||
geoip_org /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIPASNum.dat;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location /api/geo {
|
||
default_type application/json;
|
||
return 200 '{
|
||
"country_code": "$geoip_country_code",
|
||
"country_name": "$geoip_country_name",
|
||
"city": "$geoip_city",
|
||
"region": "$geoip_region",
|
||
"latitude": "$geoip_latitude",
|
||
"longitude": "$geoip_longitude",
|
||
"org": "$geoip_org"
|
||
}';
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 可用变量
|
||
|
||
| 变量名 | 说明 |
|
||
|--------|------|
|
||
| `$geoip_country_code` | 两位国家代码 |
|
||
| `$geoip_country_code3` | 三位国家代码 |
|
||
| `$geoip_country_name` | 国家名称 |
|
||
| `$geoip_city` | 城市名称 |
|
||
| `$geoip_region` | 地区代码 |
|
||
| `$geoip_region_name` | 地区名称 |
|
||
| `$geoip_latitude` | 纬度 |
|
||
| `$geoip_longitude` | 经度 |
|
||
| `$geoip_postal_code` | 邮政编码 |
|
||
| `$geoip_org` | 组织/ISP 名称 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **地理位置服务**:为应用提供用户地理位置信息
|
||
- **内容本地化**:根据国家展示不同语言/货币的内容
|
||
- **访问控制**:基于国家代码限制访问
|
||
- **CDN 优化**:根据地理位置选择最近的服务器
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 9. ngx_http_map_module (变量映射模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_map_module 模块用于创建变量,其值取决于其他变量的值,实现灵活的变量映射和转换。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `map` | `map string $variable { ... }` | - | 定义变量映射 | http |
|
||
| `map_hash_max_size` | `map_hash_max_size size;` | `2048` | 哈希表最大大小 | http |
|
||
| `map_hash_bucket_size` | `map_hash_bucket_size size;` | `32\|64\|128` | 哈希桶大小 | http |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本变量映射
|
||
http {
|
||
map $http_host $backend {
|
||
default backend_default;
|
||
example.com backend_example;
|
||
api.example.com backend_api;
|
||
"*.test.com" backend_test;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
proxy_pass http://$backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 主机名到后端映射
|
||
map $host $backend_pool {
|
||
default http://default_backend;
|
||
"~^(?<name>.+)\\.example\\.com$" http://$name_backend;
|
||
www.example.com http://www_backend;
|
||
api.example.com http://api_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# User-Agent 映射
|
||
map $http_user_agent $is_mobile {
|
||
default 0;
|
||
"~*android" 1;
|
||
"~*iphone" 1;
|
||
"~*ipad" 1;
|
||
"~*mobile" 1;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 应用示例
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
if ($is_mobile) {
|
||
rewrite ^ /mobile$request_uri last;
|
||
}
|
||
proxy_pass http://desktop_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 复杂映射配置
|
||
map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
|
||
default close;
|
||
websocket upgrade;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 用于 WebSocket 代理
|
||
location /ws/ {
|
||
proxy_http_version 1.1;
|
||
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
|
||
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
|
||
proxy_pass http://ws_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 状态码映射
|
||
map $status $loggable {
|
||
~^[23] 0; # 2xx 和 3xx 不记录
|
||
default 1; # 其他状态码记录
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log combined if=$loggable;
|
||
|
||
# 复杂正则映射
|
||
map $request_uri $cache_key {
|
||
default $request_uri;
|
||
"~^/api/(?<version>v\\d+)/" /api/$version/generic;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多条件映射
|
||
map "$scheme:$server_port" $is_https {
|
||
default 0;
|
||
"https:443" 1;
|
||
"https:8443" 1;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 映射规则
|
||
|
||
| 源值格式 | 说明 |
|
||
|----------|------|
|
||
| `string` | 精确匹配字符串 |
|
||
| `"~regex"` | 正则匹配(区分大小写) |
|
||
| `"~*regex"` | 正则匹配(不区分大小写) |
|
||
| `"!~regex"` | 正则不匹配(区分大小写) |
|
||
| `"!~*regex"` | 正则不匹配(不区分大小写) |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **动态后端选择**:根据请求信息选择不同后端
|
||
- **设备类型检测**:根据 User-Agent 识别设备类型
|
||
- **缓存键定制**:创建自定义缓存键
|
||
- **条件日志记录**:根据条件决定是否记录日志
|
||
- **变量转换**:将一个变量的值转换为另一个值
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 10. ngx_http_realip_module (真实 IP 模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_realip_module 模块用于当 NGINX 位于代理或负载均衡器后方时,将客户端的真实 IP 地址替换为请求头中的地址。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `set_real_ip_from` | `set_real_ip_from address \| CIDR \| unix:;` | - | 定义可信代理地址 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `real_ip_header` | `real_ip_header field \| X-Real-IP \| X-Forwarded-For \| proxy_protocol;` | `X-Real-IP` | 指定真实 IP 来源头 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `real_ip_recursive` | `real_ip_recursive on \| off;` | `off` | 递归解析 | http, server, location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本真实 IP 配置
|
||
http {
|
||
set_real_ip_from 192.168.1.0/24;
|
||
set_real_ip_from 10.0.0.0/8;
|
||
set_real_ip_from 172.16.0.0/12;
|
||
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
|
||
real_ip_recursive on;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# CDN/云服务配置
|
||
http {
|
||
# Cloudflare
|
||
set_real_ip_from 103.21.244.0/22;
|
||
set_real_ip_from 103.22.200.0/22;
|
||
set_real_ip_from 103.31.4.0/22;
|
||
# ... 更多 Cloudflare IP
|
||
|
||
# 阿里云 SLB
|
||
set_real_ip_from 100.64.0.0/10;
|
||
|
||
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
|
||
real_ip_recursive on;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
# 现在 $remote_addr 是真实客户端 IP
|
||
add_header X-Real-Client-IP $remote_addr;
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多级代理配置
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
set_real_ip_from 192.168.0.0/16;
|
||
set_real_ip_from unix:; # 允许 Unix socket
|
||
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
|
||
real_ip_recursive on; # 递归获取最左侧非代理 IP
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
# X-Forwarded-For: client, proxy1, proxy2
|
||
# recursive on 会选择 client 作为 remote_addr
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 不同 location 不同配置
|
||
server {
|
||
location /api/ {
|
||
set_real_ip_from 10.0.0.0/8;
|
||
real_ip_header X-Real-IP;
|
||
proxy_pass http://api_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
location /app/ {
|
||
set_real_ip_from 192.168.1.0/24;
|
||
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
|
||
proxy_pass http://app_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **反向代理环境**:获取客户端真实 IP 用于日志和访问控制
|
||
- **CDN 部署**:从 CDN 请求头中提取源客户端 IP
|
||
- **负载均衡器后方**:在负载均衡架构中保持真实 IP 信息
|
||
- **安全防护**:基于真实 IP 进行访问限制和防护
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 11. ngx_http_referer_module (Referer 防盗链模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_referer_module 模块用于基于 Referer 请求头字段过滤请求,实现简单的防盗链功能。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `valid_referers` | `valid_referers none \| blocked \| server_names \| string ...;` | - | 定义有效的 Referer | http, server, location |
|
||
| `referer_hash_max_size` | `referer_hash_max_size size;` | `2048` | 哈希表最大大小 | server, location |
|
||
| `referer_hash_bucket_size` | `referer_hash_bucket_size size;` | `64` | 哈希桶大小 | server, location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本防盗链配置
|
||
location /images/ {
|
||
valid_referers none blocked server_names
|
||
*.example.com example.com
|
||
*.example.cn;
|
||
|
||
if ($invalid_referer) {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/images;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 图片防盗链(返回替代图片)
|
||
location ~* \\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|flv)$ {
|
||
valid_referers none blocked *.example.com example.com
|
||
*.google.com *.baidu.com;
|
||
|
||
if ($invalid_referer) {
|
||
# 返回防盗链提示图片
|
||
rewrite ^/ /images/forbidden.png break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/static;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 视频防盗链
|
||
location /videos/ {
|
||
valid_referers none blocked server_names
|
||
*.example.com;
|
||
|
||
if ($invalid_referer) {
|
||
return 403 "Forbidden: Hotlinking is not allowed";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 限制下载速度
|
||
limit_rate 500k;
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/videos;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 复杂防盗链配置
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name file.example.com;
|
||
|
||
location /downloads/ {
|
||
valid_referers none blocked;
|
||
valid_referers server_names;
|
||
valid_referers *.example.com;
|
||
valid_referers *.example.cn;
|
||
valid_referers ~\\.example\\.com$; # 正则匹配
|
||
|
||
if ($invalid_referer) {
|
||
# 重定向到登录页
|
||
rewrite ^ http://example.com/login?ref=$request_uri redirect;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/downloads;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 允许空 Referer(直接访问)
|
||
location /public/ {
|
||
valid_referers none server_names; # none 允许直接访问
|
||
root /var/www/public;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### valid_referers 参数说明
|
||
|
||
| 参数 | 说明 |
|
||
|------|------|
|
||
| `none` | 允许 Referer 头缺失的请求(直接访问) |
|
||
| `blocked` | 允许 Referer 存在但被防火墙或代理删除的请求 |
|
||
| `server_names` | 允许 server_name 中配置的服务器名称 |
|
||
| `string` | 具体的 URL 或域名 |
|
||
| `*.example.com` | 匹配指定域名的所有子域名 |
|
||
| `~regex` | 正则表达式匹配 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **图片防盗链**:防止其他网站直接引用图片资源
|
||
- **视频防盗链**:保护视频资源不被非法盗链
|
||
- **下载保护**:限制资源下载来源
|
||
- **流量控制**:防止带宽被外部网站消耗
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 12. ngx_http_secure_link_module (安全链接模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_secure_link_module 模块用于检查请求链接的真实性,保护资源不被未授权访问,通过 MD5 哈希和过期时间验证链接有效性。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `secure_link` | `secure_link expression;` | - | 定义安全链接 MD5 值 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `secure_link_md5` | `secure_link_md5 expression;` | - | 定义 MD5 计算表达式 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `secure_link_secret` | `secure_link_secret word;` | - | 定义密钥(简化版) | location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 完整版安全链接配置
|
||
location /s/ {
|
||
# 从请求参数获取 MD5 和过期时间
|
||
secure_link $arg_md5,$arg_expires;
|
||
secure_link_md5 "$secure_link_expires$uri$remote_addr secret_key";
|
||
|
||
# $secure_link 变量值:
|
||
# - 空字符串:链接无效
|
||
# - "0":链接已过期
|
||
# - "1":链接有效
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "") {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "0") {
|
||
return 410; # Gone,链接过期
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 链接有效,提供文件
|
||
root /var/www/secure;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 下载链接生成示例(Python)
|
||
# import hashlib
|
||
# import time
|
||
#
|
||
# secret = "secret_key"
|
||
# uri = "/s/file.pdf"
|
||
# expires = str(int(time.time()) + 3600) # 1小时后过期
|
||
#
|
||
# md5_hash = hashlib.md5(f"{expires}{uri}127.0.0.1 {secret}".encode()).hexdigest()
|
||
# url = f"http://example.com{uri}?md5={md5_hash}&expires={expires}"
|
||
|
||
# 简化版安全链接
|
||
location /p/ {
|
||
secure_link_secret my_secret_password;
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "") {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/protected;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 简化版链接格式:/p/md5_hash/filename
|
||
# MD5 生成:echo -n "filename secret" | md5sum
|
||
|
||
# 带 IP 限制的安全链接
|
||
location /download/ {
|
||
secure_link $arg_md5,$arg_expires;
|
||
secure_link_md5 "$secure_link_expires$uri$remote_addr my_secret";
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "") {
|
||
return 403 "Invalid link";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "0") {
|
||
return 410 "Link expired";
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 记录下载日志
|
||
access_log /var/log/nginx/secure_downloads.log;
|
||
|
||
# 限速下载
|
||
limit_rate 1m;
|
||
|
||
alias /var/www/downloads/;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 不同路径不同密钥
|
||
location /premium/ {
|
||
secure_link $arg_key,$arg_time;
|
||
secure_link_md5 "$secure_link_expires$uri$remote_addr premium_secret";
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link != "1") {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
root /var/www/premium;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **临时下载链接**:生成限时有效的下载链接
|
||
- **付费内容保护**:保护付费资源不被直接访问
|
||
- **会员专享资源**:为会员生成专属访问链接
|
||
- **防盗链升级**:比 referer 更安全的资源保护方案
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 13. ngx_http_split_clients_module (A/B 测试模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_split_clients_module 模块用于基于客户端 IP 地址或变量创建变量,实现 A/B 测试或按比例分流。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `split_clients` | `split_clients string $variable { ... }` | - | 定义分流规则 | http |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本 A/B 测试配置
|
||
http {
|
||
# 基于 remote_addr 分流
|
||
split_clients "${remote_addr}AAA" $variant {
|
||
50% variant_a;
|
||
40% variant_b;
|
||
* variant_c; # 剩余 10%
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
add_header X-Variant $variant;
|
||
|
||
if ($variant = "variant_a") {
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_a;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ($variant = "variant_b") {
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_b;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_c;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 灰度发布配置
|
||
http {
|
||
split_clients "${http_cookie}AAA" $canary {
|
||
10% canary;
|
||
* stable;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
if ($canary = "canary") {
|
||
proxy_pass http://canary_backend;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://stable_backend;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多版本测试
|
||
http {
|
||
split_clients "${remote_addr}${http_user_agent}AAA" $version {
|
||
33.33% v1;
|
||
33.33% v2;
|
||
* v3;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
proxy_set_header X-Version $version;
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_$version;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 与 cookie 结合实现粘性分流
|
||
http {
|
||
# 优先检查 cookie,没有则新建
|
||
split_clients "${remote_addr}AAA" $ab_group {
|
||
50% A;
|
||
* B;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
map $cookie_ab_group $sticky_group {
|
||
default $cookie_ab_group;
|
||
"" $ab_group;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
location / {
|
||
add_header Set-Cookie "ab_group=$sticky_group; Path=/; Max-Age=2592000" always;
|
||
|
||
if ($sticky_group = "A") {
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_a;
|
||
break;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend_b;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 分流算法说明
|
||
|
||
| 参数 | 说明 |
|
||
|------|------|
|
||
| `string` | 用于计算哈希的字符串,通常包含 `$remote_addr` |
|
||
| `percentage%` | 流量百分比(总和不能超过 100%) |
|
||
| `*` | 匹配剩余所有流量 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **A/B 测试**:将流量分配到不同版本进行效果对比
|
||
- **灰度发布**:逐步将流量切换到新版本
|
||
- **蓝绿部署**:平滑切换生产环境
|
||
- **流量分担**:按比例分散到不同后端
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 14. ngx_http_ssi_module (SSI 模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_ssi_module 模块用于处理 SSI(Server Side Includes)命令,在服务器端将多个文件内容合并到响应中。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `ssi` | `ssi on \| off;` | `off` | 启用 SSI 处理 | http, server, location, if in location |
|
||
| `ssi_last_modified` | `ssi_last_modified on \| off;` | `off` | 保留原始 Last-Modified | http, server, location |
|
||
| `ssi_min_file_chunk` | `ssi_min_file_chunk size;` | `1k` | 最小文件块大小 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `ssi_silent_errors` | `ssi_silent_errors on \| off;` | `off` | 静默处理错误 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `ssi_types` | `ssi_types mime-type ...;` | `text/html` | 处理 MIME 类型 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `ssi_value_length` | `ssi_value_length length;` | `256` | SSI 命令值最大长度 | http, server, location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本 SSI 配置
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
ssi on;
|
||
root /var/www/html;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多类型 SSI 处理
|
||
server {
|
||
ssi on;
|
||
ssi_types text/html application/xhtml+xml;
|
||
ssi_silent_errors on;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
root /var/www/html;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 大型页面优化
|
||
server {
|
||
ssi on;
|
||
ssi_min_file_chunk 10k; # 小于 10k 的文件不单独处理
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
root /var/www/html;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 局部禁用 SSI
|
||
server {
|
||
ssi on;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
root /var/www/html;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
location /no-ssi/ {
|
||
ssi off;
|
||
root /var/www/static;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### SSI 命令示例
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<!--# 包含其他文件 -->
|
||
<!--#include file="header.html" -->
|
||
<!--#include virtual="/header.html" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 包含远程内容 -->
|
||
<!--#include virtual="/remote/content" wait="yes" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 设置变量 -->
|
||
<!--#set var="name" value="value" -->
|
||
<!--#set var="docroot" value="$DOCUMENT_ROOT" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 条件判断 -->
|
||
<!--#if expr="$name = /test/" -->
|
||
<p>匹配成功</p>
|
||
<!--#elif expr="$name = /other/" -->
|
||
<p>其他匹配</p>
|
||
<!--#else -->
|
||
<p>默认内容</p>
|
||
<!--#endif -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 循环 -->
|
||
<!--#config timefmt="%A" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 显示文件信息 -->
|
||
<!--#flastmod file="file.html" -->
|
||
<!--#fsize file="file.html" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 调用 CGI -->
|
||
<!--#exec cmd="date" -->
|
||
<!--#exec cgi="/cgi-bin/script.cgi" -->
|
||
|
||
<!--# 完整示例:页面模板 -->
|
||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||
<html>
|
||
<head>
|
||
<!--#set var="title" value="页面标题" -->
|
||
<title><!--#echo var="title" --></title>
|
||
<!--#include virtual="/common/head.html" -->
|
||
</head>
|
||
<body>
|
||
<!--#include virtual="/common/header.html" -->
|
||
|
||
<main>
|
||
<h1><!--#echo var="title" --></h1>
|
||
<p>页面内容</p>
|
||
</main>
|
||
|
||
<!--#include virtual="/common/footer.html" -->
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### SSI 变量
|
||
|
||
| 变量名 | 说明 |
|
||
|--------|------|
|
||
| `DOCUMENT_NAME` | 当前文件名 |
|
||
| `DOCUMENT_URI` | 当前 URI |
|
||
| `QUERY_STRING_UNESCAPED` | 未转义的查询字符串 |
|
||
| `DATE_LOCAL` | 本地时间 |
|
||
| `DATE_GMT` | GMT 时间 |
|
||
| `LAST_MODIFIED` | 最后修改时间 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **页面模板化**:将公共部分(头尾)抽离为单独文件
|
||
- **动态内容嵌入**:在静态页面中嵌入动态内容
|
||
- **多语言支持**:根据条件加载不同语言内容
|
||
- **内容组合**:将多个内容源组合成一个页面
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 15. ngx_http_sub_module (文本替换模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_sub_module 模块用于替换响应中的指定字符串,可以在输出时动态修改内容。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `sub_filter` | `sub_filter string replacement;` | - | 定义替换规则 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `sub_filter_last_modified` | `sub_filter_last_modified on \| off;` | `off` | 保留 Last-Modified | http, server, location |
|
||
| `sub_filter_once` | `sub_filter_once on \| off;` | `on` | 只替换第一次出现 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `sub_filter_types` | `sub_filter_types mime-type ...;` | `text/html` | 处理的 MIME 类型 | http, server, location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本文本替换
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter 'http://old-domain.com' 'https://new-domain.com';
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多替换规则
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter 'Welcome' '欢迎';
|
||
sub_filter 'Login' '登录';
|
||
sub_filter 'Logout' '退出';
|
||
sub_filter_once off; # 替换所有出现
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 变量替换
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter 'SERVER_TIME' $time_iso8601;
|
||
sub_filter 'REMOTE_ADDR' $remote_addr;
|
||
sub_filter_once off;
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# HTML 注入
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter '</head>' '<script src="/analytics.js"></script></head>';
|
||
sub_filter '</body>' '<footer>Copyright 2024</footer></body>';
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 链接替换为绝对路径
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter 'href="/' 'href="https://cdn.example.com/';
|
||
sub_filter 'src="/' 'src="https://cdn.example.com/';
|
||
sub_filter_once off;
|
||
sub_filter_types text/html text/css;
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 开发环境提示
|
||
location / {
|
||
sub_filter '<body>' '<body><div style="background:yellow;padding:10px;">开发环境</div>';
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 完整示例:CDN 替换
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name cdn.example.com;
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
proxy_pass http://origin_backend;
|
||
|
||
# 替换资源链接到 CDN
|
||
sub_filter 'href="/static/' 'href="https://cdn.example.com/static/';
|
||
sub_filter 'src="/static/' 'src="https://cdn.example.com/static/';
|
||
sub_filter_once off;
|
||
sub_filter_types text/html application/javascript text/css;
|
||
|
||
# 保留缓存头
|
||
sub_filter_last_modified on;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 配置参数说明
|
||
|
||
| 参数 | 说明 |
|
||
|------|------|
|
||
| `sub_filter_once on` | 只替换每个响应中的第一个匹配项 |
|
||
| `sub_filter_once off` | 替换所有匹配项 |
|
||
| `sub_filter_last_modified on` | 保留原始 Last-Modified 头(用于缓存) |
|
||
| `sub_filter_types` | 指定处理的 MIME 类型 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **域名迁移**:批量替换旧域名为新域名
|
||
- **CDN 集成**:将资源链接替换为 CDN 地址
|
||
- **内容本地化**:替换页面中的特定文本
|
||
- **环境标识**:添加开发/测试环境标识
|
||
- **分析代码注入**:动态注入统计代码
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 16. ngx_http_userid_module (用户 ID 模块)
|
||
|
||
### 概述
|
||
|
||
ngx_http_userid_module 模块用于设置 cookie 以标识客户端,实现用户跟踪和会话管理。
|
||
|
||
### 核心指令
|
||
|
||
| 指令 | 语法 | 默认值 | 说明 | 上下文 |
|
||
|------|------|--------|------|--------|
|
||
| `userid` | `userid on \| v1 \| log \| off;` | `off` | 启用用户 ID | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_domain` | `userid_domain name \| none;` | `none` | cookie 域 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_expires` | `userid_expires time \| max \| off;` | `off` | cookie 过期时间 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_flags` | `userid_flags off \| flag ...;` | `none` | cookie 标志 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_mark` | `userid_mark letter \| digit \| = \| off;` | `off` | 标记字符 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_name` | `userid_name name;` | `UID` | cookie 名称 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_p3p` | `userid_p3p string \| none;` | `none` | P3P 头 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_path` | `userid_path path;` | `/` | cookie 路径 | http, server, location |
|
||
| `userid_service` | `userid_service number;` | `IP 地址最后一段` | 服务标识 | http, server, location |
|
||
|
||
### 配置示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 基本用户 ID 配置
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
|
||
userid on;
|
||
userid_name uid;
|
||
userid_domain example.com;
|
||
userid_path /;
|
||
userid_expires 365d;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 完整用户跟踪配置
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name track.example.com;
|
||
|
||
userid on;
|
||
userid_name _uid;
|
||
userid_domain .example.com; # 跨子域
|
||
userid_path /;
|
||
userid_expires max; # 浏览器会话
|
||
userid_flags httponly secure; # 安全标志
|
||
|
||
location / {
|
||
proxy_pass http://backend;
|
||
proxy_set_header X-User-ID $uid_got$uid_set;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 仅日志记录模式
|
||
server {
|
||
userid log; # 不设置 cookie,只记录已有 ID
|
||
|
||
log_format uid '$remote_addr - $uid_got [$time_local] '
|
||
'"$request" $status';
|
||
access_log /var/log/nginx/uid.log uid;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 多站点统一 ID
|
||
http {
|
||
userid_name _ga;
|
||
userid_domain .example.com;
|
||
userid_path /;
|
||
userid_expires 2y;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
server_name www.example.com;
|
||
userid on;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
server_name blog.example.com;
|
||
userid on;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
server_name shop.example.com;
|
||
userid on;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 与日志结合
|
||
server {
|
||
userid on;
|
||
userid_name session_id;
|
||
|
||
log_format tracking '$remote_addr $uid_got $request_time '
|
||
'"$request" $status';
|
||
|
||
access_log /var/log/nginx/tracking.log tracking;
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### Cookie 版本
|
||
|
||
| 版本 | 说明 |
|
||
|------|------|
|
||
| `v1` | 使用 Base64 编码,默认版本 |
|
||
| `on` | 同 v1 |
|
||
| `log` | 不设置新 cookie,仅记录现有 ID |
|
||
| `off` | 禁用 |
|
||
|
||
### 可用变量
|
||
|
||
| 变量名 | 说明 |
|
||
|--------|------|
|
||
| `$uid_got` | 客户端发送的 cookie 值 |
|
||
| `$uid_set` | 设置的 cookie 值 |
|
||
| `$uid_reset` | 重置 cookie 的标志 |
|
||
|
||
### 应用场景
|
||
|
||
- **用户行为跟踪**:追踪用户跨页面访问行为
|
||
- **A/B 测试**:识别用户所属的测试组
|
||
- **会话管理**:配合应用实现会话跟踪
|
||
- **访问统计**:分析用户访问模式和频次
|
||
- **广告追踪**:记录用户来源和转化
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 附录:模块编译与加载
|
||
|
||
### 静态编译
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# 配置时启用模块
|
||
./configure \
|
||
--with-http_ssl_module \
|
||
--with-http_realip_module \
|
||
--with-http_geoip_module \
|
||
--with-http_sub_module \
|
||
--with-http_addition_module \
|
||
--with-http_auth_request_module \
|
||
--with-http_secure_link_module \
|
||
--with-http_slice_module \
|
||
--with-http_stub_status_module
|
||
|
||
make && make install
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 动态模块加载
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# nginx.conf
|
||
load_module modules/ngx_http_geoip_module.so;
|
||
|
||
http {
|
||
# 使用模块
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 检查已编译模块
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
# 查看编译参数
|
||
nginx -V
|
||
|
||
# 查看已加载模块
|
||
nginx -V 2>&1 | tr ' ' '\n' | grep module
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
## 模块组合使用示例
|
||
|
||
```nginx
|
||
# 综合应用示例:安全且可追踪的文件下载
|
||
|
||
http {
|
||
# 真实 IP 获取
|
||
set_real_ip_from 10.0.0.0/8;
|
||
real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
|
||
|
||
# 用户 ID 跟踪
|
||
userid on;
|
||
userid_name download_id;
|
||
userid_expires 1d;
|
||
|
||
# 地理位置
|
||
geoip_country /usr/share/GeoIP/GeoIP.dat;
|
||
|
||
server {
|
||
listen 80;
|
||
server_name download.example.com;
|
||
|
||
# 访问控制
|
||
location /premium/ {
|
||
# 基础认证
|
||
auth_basic "Premium Downloads";
|
||
auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/premium.htpasswd;
|
||
|
||
# 防盗链
|
||
valid_referers none blocked *.example.com;
|
||
if ($invalid_referer) {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 安全链接验证
|
||
secure_link $arg_md5,$arg_expires;
|
||
secure_link_md5 "$secure_link_expires$uri$remote_addr secret";
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "") {
|
||
return 403;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
if ($secure_link = "0") {
|
||
return 410;
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# 日志记录
|
||
access_log /var/log/nginx/premium_downloads.log;
|
||
|
||
alias /var/www/premium/;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
```
|