refactor: modernize code with Go 1.22+ features

Apply modern Go patterns across the codebase: - Replace `interface{}` with `any` (Go 1.18+) - Use `for range n` instead of `for i := 0; i < n; i++` (Go 1.22+) - Replace `sort.Slice` with `slices.Sort` from slices package - Simplify sync.WaitGroup patterns with errgroup where appropriate - Add Makefile targets for modernize analyzer Total: 84 files updated, net reduction of 79 lines Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-04-30 10:37:45 +08:00 · 2026-04-30 10:37:45 +08:00 · f145a8770e
commit f145a8770e
parent e7306a0c72
84 changed files with 399 additions and 478 deletions
--- a/22
+++ b/22
@ -289,6 +289,26 @@ lint:
 		go vet ./...; \
 	fi

+# 现代化检查（检测可使用新 Go 特性的代码）
+modernize:
+	@echo "Running modernize analyzer..."
+	@if command -v modernize >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+		modernize ./internal/...; \
+	else \
+		echo "modernize not installed. Run: go install golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis/passes/modernize/cmd/modernize@latest"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+
+# 现代化检查并自动修复
+modernize-fix:
+	@echo "Running modernize analyzer with auto-fix..."
+	@if command -v modernize >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+		modernize -fix ./internal/...; \
+	else \
+		echo "modernize not installed. Run: go install golang.org/x/tools/go/analysis/passes/modernize/cmd/modernize@latest"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+
 # 代码检查
 check: fmt lint test-all
 	@echo "All checks passed."
@ -405,6 +425,8 @@ help:
 	@echo "Quality:"
 	@echo "  make fmt            - Format code"
 	@echo "  make lint           - Run linter"
+	@echo "  make modernize      - Check for modern Go patterns"
+	@echo "  make modernize-fix  - Auto-fix modern Go patterns"
 	@echo "  make check          - Format + lint + test"
 	@echo ""
 	@echo "Dependencies:"
--- a/internal/adapter/common.go
+++ b/internal/adapter/common.go
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const DefaultBodyThreshold = 64 * 1024 // 64KB
 // 使用 singleton 模式避免多个适配器实例创建多个 pool，
 // 提高内存复用效率。该 pool 被 HTTP/2 和 HTTP/3 适配器共享。
 var bufferPoolInstance = &sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		buf := make([]byte, 4096) // 4KB 初始缓冲区
 		return &buf
 	},
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ type CommonAdapter struct {
 func NewCommonAdapter() *CommonAdapter {
 	return &CommonAdapter{
 		CtxPool: sync.Pool{
-			New: func() interface{} {
+			New: func() any {
 				return &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			},
 		},
--- a/internal/benchmark/tools/benchmark_context.go
+++ b/internal/benchmark/tools/benchmark_context.go
@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ func NewBenchmarkContextPool(size int) *BenchmarkContextPool {
 		pool: make(chan *BenchmarkContext, size),
 	}
 	// 预填充池
-	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+	for range size {
 		p.pool <- DefaultBenchmarkContext()
 	}
 	return p
--- a/internal/benchmark/tools/loadgen.go
+++ b/internal/benchmark/tools/loadgen.go
@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package tools

 import (
 	"math"
-	"sort"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -61,16 +61,14 @@ func (lg *FasthttpLoadGenerator) Run(n int, concurrency int) *LoadGenStats {

 	start := time.Now()

-	for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range concurrency {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			req := fasthttp.AcquireRequest()
 			resp := fasthttp.AcquireResponse()
 			defer fasthttp.ReleaseRequest(req)
 			defer fasthttp.ReleaseResponse(resp)

-			for j := 0; j < requestsPerWorker; j++ {
+			for range requestsPerWorker {
 				req.SetRequestURI("http://" + lg.addr + "/")
 				req.Header.SetMethod("GET")

@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ func (lg *FasthttpLoadGenerator) Run(n int, concurrency int) *LoadGenStats {
 					errorChan <- err
 				}
 			}
-		}()
+		})
 	}

 	wg.Wait()
@ -118,9 +116,7 @@ func (lg *FasthttpLoadGenerator) Run(n int, concurrency int) *LoadGenStats {

 	// Calculate latency distribution
 	if len(latencies) > 0 {
-		sort.Slice(latencies, func(i, j int) bool {
-			return latencies[i] < latencies[j]
-		})
+		slices.Sort(latencies)

 		lg.stats.MinLatency = latencies[0]
 		lg.stats.MaxLatency = latencies[len(latencies)-1]
--- a/internal/benchmark/tools/testdata.go
+++ b/internal/benchmark/tools/testdata.go
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func createTestTargets(n int) ([]TestTarget, func()) {
 	targets := make([]TestTarget, n)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), n)

-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+	for i := range n {
 		body := GenerateTestData(Size1KB)
 		addr, cleanup := SimpleMockBackend(200, body)
 		targets[i] = TestTarget{
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func CreateWeightedTestTargets(n int) ([]TestTarget, func()) {
 	targets := make([]TestTarget, n)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), n)

-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+	for i := range n {
 		body := GenerateTestData(Size1KB)
 		addr, cleanup := SimpleMockBackend(200, body)
 		// Vary weights: 1, 2, 3, etc.
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func CreateDelayedTestTargets(n int, baseDelay time.Duration) ([]TestTarget, fun
 	targets := make([]TestTarget, n)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), n)

-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+	for i := range n {
 		body := GenerateTestData(Size1KB)
 		// Each target has increasing delay
 		delay := baseDelay * time.Duration(i+1)
@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func CreateErrorTestTargets(n int, baseErrorRate float64) ([]TestTarget, func())
 	targets := make([]TestTarget, n)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), n)

-	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+	for i := range n {
 		body := GenerateTestData(Size1KB)
 		// Vary error rates slightly per target
 		errorRate := baseErrorRate + float64(i)*0.05
--- a/internal/cache/cache_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/cache/cache_bench_test.go
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheGet(b *testing.B) {
 			fc := NewFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)

 			// 预填充缓存
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data content")
 				_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSet(b *testing.B) {
 			fc := NewFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)

 			// 预填充到容量上限
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data content")
 				_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSet_Pooled(b *testing.B) {
 			fc := NewFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)

 			// 预填充到容量上限，触发淘汰和 entry 复用
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data content")
 				_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheConcurrent(b *testing.B) {
 			fc := NewFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)

 			// 预填充缓存
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data content")
 				_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheGetOnly(b *testing.B) {
 	fc := NewFileCache(1000, 0, 1*time.Hour)

 	// 预填充缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/static/file%d.css", i)
 		data := make([]byte, 1024) // 1KB 数据
 		_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSizeEviction(b *testing.B) {

 	// 预填充到接近容量上限
 	data := make([]byte, 1024) // 1KB 每条
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 		_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
 	}
@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheLRUTouch(b *testing.B) {
 	fc := NewFileCache(100, 0, 1*time.Hour)

 	// 预填充缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 		data := []byte("cached data")
 		_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func BenchmarkProxyCacheGet(b *testing.B) {
 	pc := NewProxyCache(nil, false, 0, 0, 0)

 	// 预填充缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		origKey := fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)
 		hashKey := hashKeyBench(origKey)
 		data := []byte("response body")
@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func BenchmarkProxyCacheConcurrent(b *testing.B) {
 	pc := NewProxyCache(nil, false, 0, 0, 0)

 	// 预填充缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		origKey := fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)
 		hashKey := hashKeyBench(origKey)
 		data := []byte("response body")
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSharded(b *testing.B) {
 		// 单锁缓存
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("SingleLock_Size%d", size), func(b *testing.B) {
 			fc := NewFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data")
 				_ = fc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSharded(b *testing.B) {
 		// 分片缓存
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Sharded_Size%d", size), func(b *testing.B) {
 			sc := NewShardedFileCache(int64(size), 0, 1*time.Hour)
-			for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+			for i := range size {
 				path := fmt.Sprintf("/file%d.txt", i)
 				data := []byte("cached data")
 				_ = sc.Set(path, data, int64(len(data)), time.Now())
--- a/internal/cache/file_cache_allocation_test.go
+++ b/internal/cache/file_cache_allocation_test.go
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSetAllocation_Update(b *testing.B) {
 	// 预填充缓存
 	data := []byte("test data content for benchmark")
 	size := int64(len(data))
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/update/file%d.txt", i)
 		fc.Set(path, data, size, time.Now())
 	}
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSetAllocation_Eviction(b *testing.B) {
 	// 预填充到容量上限
 	data := []byte("test data content for benchmark")
 	size := int64(len(data))
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/evict/file%d.txt", i)
 		fc.Set(path, data, size, time.Now())
 	}
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSetAllocation_EvictionWithPool(b *testing.B) {
 	size := int64(len(data))

 	// 预填充
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/pool/file%d.txt", i)
 		fc.Set(path, data, size, time.Now())
 	}
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSetAllocation_MemoryLimit(b *testing.B) {
 	size := int64(len(data))

 	// 预填充到接近上限
-	for i := 0; i < 900; i++ {
+	for i := range 900 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/mem/file%d.txt", i)
 		fc.Set(path, data, size, time.Now())
 	}
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheSetAllocation_ConcurrentEviction(b *testing.B) {
 	size := int64(len(data))

 	// 预填充
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		path := fmt.Sprintf("/concevict/file%d.txt", i)
 		fc.Set(path, data, size, time.Now())
 	}
@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheEntryPool_GetPut(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	// 预填充池
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		pool.Put(&FileEntry{})
 	}

@ -235,4 +235,4 @@ func BenchmarkFileCacheLRUList_PushFront(b *testing.B) {
 			lruList.Remove(old)
 		}
 	}
-}
+}
--- a/internal/cache/sharded_cache.go
+++ b/internal/cache/sharded_cache.go
@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ const shardCount = 16

 // FileCacheShard 单个缓存分片。
 type FileCacheShard struct {
-	entries    map[string]*FileEntry
-	lruList    *list.List
-	maxEntries int64
-	maxSize    int64
-	inactive   time.Duration
+	entries     map[string]*FileEntry
+	lruList     *list.List
+	maxEntries  int64
+	maxSize     int64
+	inactive    time.Duration
 	currentSize int64
-	mu         sync.RWMutex
-	entryPool  sync.Pool
+	mu          sync.RWMutex
+	entryPool   sync.Pool
 }

 // ShardedFileCache 分片文件缓存。
 type ShardedFileCache struct {
-	shards    [shardCount]*FileCacheShard
+	shards     [shardCount]*FileCacheShard
 	maxEntries int64
 	maxSize    int64
 	inactive   time.Duration
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func NewShardedFileCache(maxEntries, maxSize int64, inactive time.Duration) *Sha
 		perShardSize = maxSize
 	}

-	for i := 0; i < shardCount; i++ {
+	for i := range shardCount {
 		shard := &FileCacheShard{
 			maxEntries: perShardEntries,
 			maxSize:    perShardSize,
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func NewShardedFileCache(maxEntries, maxSize int64, inactive time.Duration) *Sha
 func (s *ShardedFileCache) getShard(path string) *FileCacheShard {
 	h := fnv.New64a()
 	h.Write([]byte(path))
-	return s.shards[h.Sum64() % shardCount]
+	return s.shards[h.Sum64()%shardCount]
 }

 // Get 获取缓存的文件。
@ -262,4 +262,4 @@ func (sh *FileCacheShard) evictLRU() {
 		return
 	}
 	sh.removeEntry(entry)
-}
+}
--- a/internal/config/defaults_test.go
+++ b/internal/config/defaults_test.go
@ -89,22 +89,22 @@ func TestGenerateConfigYAMLFieldsCoverage(t *testing.T) {
 		typ  reflect.Type
 		name string
 	}{
-		{reflect.TypeOf(GeoIPConfig{}), "GeoIPConfig"},
-		{reflect.TypeOf(AuthRequestConfig{}), "AuthRequestConfig"},
-		{reflect.TypeOf(LuaGlobalSettings{}), "LuaGlobalSettings"},
-		{reflect.TypeOf(LimitRateConfig{}), "LimitRateConfig"},
-		{reflect.TypeOf(TypesConfig{}), "TypesConfig"},
+		{reflect.TypeFor[GeoIPConfig](), "GeoIPConfig"},
+		{reflect.TypeFor[AuthRequestConfig](), "AuthRequestConfig"},
+		{reflect.TypeFor[LuaGlobalSettings](), "LuaGlobalSettings"},
+		{reflect.TypeFor[LimitRateConfig](), "LimitRateConfig"},
+		{reflect.TypeFor[TypesConfig](), "TypesConfig"},
 	}

 	for _, c := range checks {
-		for i := 0; i < c.typ.NumField(); i++ {
-			tag := c.typ.Field(i).Tag.Get("yaml")
+		for field := range c.typ.Fields() {
+			tag := field.Tag.Get("yaml")
 			fieldName := strings.Split(tag, ",")[0]
 			if fieldName == "" || fieldName == "-" {
 				continue
 			}
 			if !strings.Contains(yamlStr, fieldName) {
-				t.Errorf("%s.%s (yaml:%q) not found in GenerateConfigYAML output", c.name, c.typ.Field(i).Name, fieldName)
+				t.Errorf("%s.%s (yaml:%q) not found in GenerateConfigYAML output", c.name, field.Name, fieldName)
 			}
 		}
 	}
--- a/internal/handler/errorpage_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/errorpage_test.go
@ -615,7 +615,7 @@ func TestErrorPageManager_SuccessfulLoad(t *testing.T) {
 	defaultPage := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "default.html")

 	for code, path := range pages {
-		content := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("Error %d page", code))
+		content := fmt.Appendf(nil, "Error %d page", code)
 		if err := os.WriteFile(path, content, 0o644); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("创建页面 %d 失败: %v", code, err)
 		}
--- a/internal/handler/sendfile_test.go
+++ b/internal/handler/sendfile_test.go
@ -669,15 +669,13 @@ func TestLinuxSendfile_WithTCPConn(t *testing.T) {

 	var serverConn net.Conn
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
+	wg.Go(func() {
 		serverConn, _ = ln.Accept()
 		// 读取所有数据
 		buf := make([]byte, len(content))
 		_, _ = io.ReadFull(serverConn, buf)
 		serverConn.Close()
-	}()
+	})

 	clientConn, err := net.Dial("tcp", ln.Addr().String())
 	if err != nil {
@ -827,15 +825,13 @@ func TestLinuxSendfile_PartialTransfer(t *testing.T) {
 	var serverConn net.Conn
 	var received []byte
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
+	wg.Go(func() {
 		serverConn, _ = ln.Accept()
 		buf := make([]byte, len(content))
 		n, _ := serverConn.Read(buf)
 		received = buf[:n]
 		serverConn.Close()
-	}()
+	})

 	clientConn, err := net.Dial("tcp", ln.Addr().String())
 	if err != nil {
@ -888,14 +884,12 @@ func TestLinuxSendfile_WithOffset(t *testing.T) {

 	var serverConn net.Conn
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
+	wg.Go(func() {
 		serverConn, _ = ln.Accept()
 		buf := make([]byte, 8*1024)
 		_, _ = serverConn.Read(buf)
 		serverConn.Close()
-	}()
+	})

 	clientConn, err := net.Dial("tcp", ln.Addr().String())
 	if err != nil {
--- a/internal/http2/adapter_test.go
+++ b/internal/http2/adapter_test.go
@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ func TestAdapterConcurrentRequests(t *testing.T) {
 	concurrency := 10
 	done := make(chan bool, concurrency)

-	for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
+	for range concurrency {
 		go func() {
 			req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/test", nil)
 			rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ func TestAdapterConcurrentRequests(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// 等待所有请求完成
-	for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
+	for range concurrency {
 		<-done
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/http2/integration_test.go
+++ b/internal/http2/integration_test.go
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@ -101,13 +102,7 @@ func TestIntegrationALPN(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// 验证协议列表
-	foundH2 := false
-	for _, proto := range tlsConfig.NextProtos {
-		if proto == "h2" {
-			foundH2 = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	foundH2 := slices.Contains(tlsConfig.NextProtos, "h2")
 	if !foundH2 {
 		t.Error("ALPN config should include h2 protocol")
 	}
--- a/internal/http2/integration_tls_test.go
+++ b/internal/http2/integration_tls_test.go
@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@ -232,13 +233,7 @@ func TestALPNNegotiationH2(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("ALPN config should not be nil")
 	}

-	foundH2 := false
-	for _, proto := range alpnConfig.NextProtos {
-		if proto == "h2" {
-			foundH2 = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	foundH2 := slices.Contains(alpnConfig.NextProtos, "h2")
 	if !foundH2 {
 		t.Error("ALPN config should include h2 protocol")
 	}
@ -397,11 +392,9 @@ func TestServeHTTP1Fallback(t *testing.T) {
 	}()

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	wg.Add(1)
-	go func() {
-		defer wg.Done()
+	wg.Go(func() {
 		server.serveHTTP1(serverConn)
-	}()
+	})

 	// 发送 HTTP/1.1 请求
 	request := "GET /test HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: localhost\r\n\r\n"
--- a/internal/http2/server.go
+++ b/internal/http2/server.go
@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/textproto"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"time"

@ -330,13 +331,7 @@ func WrapTLSListener(ln net.Listener, tlsConfig *tls.Config) net.Listener {
 	originalGetConfig := tlsConfig.GetConfigForClient
 	tlsConfig.GetConfigForClient = func(hello *tls.ClientHelloInfo) (*tls.Config, error) {
 		// 检查客户端是否支持 h2
-		supportsH2 := false
-		for _, proto := range hello.SupportedProtos {
-			if proto == "h2" {
-				supportsH2 = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
+		supportsH2 := slices.Contains(hello.SupportedProtos, "h2")

 		// 如果有原始回调，先调用它
 		var cfg *tls.Config
--- a/internal/http3/server_test.go
+++ b/internal/http3/server_test.go
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ func TestServer_MultipleStop(t *testing.T) {
 	server, _ := NewServer(cfg, handler, &tls.Config{})

 	// 多次调用 Stop 应该都是安全的
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		err := server.Stop()
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("Stop call %d returned error: %v", i+1, err)
@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func TestServer_MultipleGracefulStop(t *testing.T) {
 	server, _ := NewServer(cfg, handler, &tls.Config{})

 	// 多次调用 GracefulStop 应该都是安全的
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		err := server.GracefulStop(1 * time.Second)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("GracefulStop call %d returned error: %v", i+1, err)
--- a/internal/integration/e2e_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/integration/e2e_bench_test.go
@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ func createTestProxy(backendAddr, path string) (*proxy.Proxy, error) {
 //   - path: 请求路径
 //   - count: 预热请求数量
 func warmupProxy(p *proxy.Proxy, path string, count int) {
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for range count {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(path)
 		ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -299,11 +299,11 @@ func BenchmarkE2EStaticFile(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()

 	paths := []string{"/small.css", "/medium.json", "/assets/app.js", "/index.html"}
-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(paths[idx%uint64(len(paths))])
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ func BenchmarkE2EStaticFileCacheHit(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()

 	paths := []string{"/small.css", "/medium.json", "/assets/app.js", "/index.html"}
-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(paths[idx%uint64(len(paths))])
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ ngx.header["X-Lua-Processed"] = "true"`
 	finalHandler := chain.Apply(wrappedByLua)

 	// 预热 Lua 引擎（字节码缓存）
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 		ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EMultiLuaPhase(b *testing.B) {
 	finalHandler := baseChain.Apply(wrappedByLua)

 	// 预热
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 		ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EMultipleRoutes(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()

 	// 使用原子计数器轮询不同路径
-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64
 	paths := []string{
 		"/api/v1/users",
 		"/api/v2/items",
@ -899,7 +899,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EMultipleRoutes(b *testing.B) {

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(paths[idx%uint64(len(paths))])
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EMultipleRoutesWithMiddleware(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.ReportAllocs()

-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64
 	testPaths := []string{
 		"/api/users",
 		"/api/users/42",
@ -968,7 +968,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EMultipleRoutesWithMiddleware(b *testing.B) {

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(testPaths[idx%uint64(len(testPaths))])
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EInmemoryServer(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.ReportAllocs()

-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64
 	paths := []string{"/api/test", "/static/small.css", "/static/medium.json", "/health", "/api/data"}

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EInmemoryServer(b *testing.B) {
 		defer fasthttp.ReleaseResponse(resp)

 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			req.SetRequestURI("http://localhost" + paths[idx%uint64(len(paths))])
 			req.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
 			req.Header.Set("Host", "example.com")
@ -1316,11 +1316,11 @@ func BenchmarkE2ERewriteMiddleware(b *testing.B) {
 		"/old-api/settings",
 		"/v1/data/123",
 	}
-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI(paths[idx%uint64(len(paths))])
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -1365,11 +1365,11 @@ func BenchmarkE2EAccessControl(b *testing.B) {
 	allowedIPs := []string{"192.168.1.50", "192.168.1.200", "10.0.0.1", "10.1.2.3"}
 	deniedIPs := []string{"192.168.1.100", "172.16.0.1", "8.8.8.8"}
 	allIPs := append(allowedIPs, deniedIPs...)
-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			clientIP := allIPs[idx%uint64(len(allIPs))]
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
@ -1416,11 +1416,11 @@ func BenchmarkE2ERateLimiter(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	b.ReportAllocs()

-	var counter uint64
+	var counter atomic.Uint64

 	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
 		for pb.Next() {
-			idx := atomic.AddUint64(&counter, 1)
+			idx := counter.Add(1)
 			ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 			ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 			ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -1470,7 +1470,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EBasicAuth(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()

 	// 预热认证（缓存 bcrypt 结果）
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for range 3 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 		ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
--- a/internal/integration/e2e_failover_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/integration/e2e_failover_bench_test.go
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func setupFailoverBackends(b *testing.B, count, healthyCount int) ([]*loadbalanc
 	targets := make([]*loadbalance.Target, count)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), count)

-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		addr, cleanup := setupNetworkBackend(b, fasthttp.StatusOK, []byte(`{"backend":`+strconv.Itoa(i)+`}`))
 		cleanups[i] = cleanup
 		targets[i] = &loadbalance.Target{
@ -215,8 +215,8 @@ func BenchmarkE2EFailover_DynamicToggle(b *testing.B) {
 		for pb.Next() {
 			// 每 100 次请求切换一个后端的健康状态
 			count := toggleCounter.Add(1)
-			if count % 100 == 0 {
-				targetIdx := int(count / 100) % len(targets)
+			if count%100 == 0 {
+				targetIdx := int(count/100) % len(targets)
 				current := targets[targetIdx].Healthy.Load()
 				targets[targetIdx].Healthy.Store(!current)
 			}
@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func BenchmarkE2EFailover_AllUnhealthy(b *testing.B) {
 // 验证负载均衡器选择逻辑的分配。
 func BenchmarkE2EFailover_SelectOnly(b *testing.B) {
 	targets := make([]*loadbalance.Target, 5)
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for i := range 5 {
 		targets[i] = &loadbalance.Target{
 			URL:    "http://backend" + strconv.Itoa(i) + ":8080",
 			Weight: 1,
@ -287,4 +287,4 @@ func BenchmarkE2EFailover_SelectOnly(b *testing.B) {
 	for b.Loop() {
 		_ = rr.Select(targets)
 	}
-}
+}
--- a/internal/integration/variable_test.go
+++ b/internal/integration/variable_test.go
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ func TestVariablePerformance(t *testing.T) {
 	// 执行多次展开
 	start := time.Now()
 	iterations := 10000
-	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+	for range iterations {
 		_ = vc.Expand(template)
 	}
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
--- a/internal/loadbalance/balancer.go
+++ b/internal/loadbalance/balancer.go
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ type Balancer interface {
 // 并发安全：counter 使用 atomic 操作，支持多 goroutine 并发调用。
 type RoundRobin struct {
 	// counter 请求计数器，原子递增，用于确定轮询位置
-	counter uint64
+	counter atomic.Uint64
 }

 // NewRoundRobin 创建一个新的轮询负载均衡器。
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (r *RoundRobin) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 	}

 	// 原子地递增并获取计数器值
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&r.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := r.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	return healthy[idx%uint64(len(healthy))]
 }

@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (r *RoundRobin) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 // 并发安全：counter 使用 atomic 操作，支持多 goroutine 并发调用。
 type WeightedRoundRobin struct {
 	// counter 请求计数器，原子递增，用于确定权重分布位置
-	counter uint64
+	counter atomic.Uint64
 }

 // NewWeightedRoundRobin 创建一个新的权重轮询负载均衡器。
@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func (w *WeightedRoundRobin) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 	}

 	// 使用原子计数器确定权重分布中的位置
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&w.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := w.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	pos := int(idx % uint64(totalWeight))

 	// 找到计算位置处的目标
@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ func (r *RoundRobin) SelectExcluding(targets []*Target, excluded []*Target) *Tar
 	}

 	// 原子地递增并获取计数器值
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&r.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := r.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	return available[idx%uint64(len(available))]
 }

@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ func (w *WeightedRoundRobin) SelectExcluding(targets []*Target, excluded []*Targ
 	}

 	// 使用原子计数器确定权重分布中的位置
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&w.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := w.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	pos := int(idx % uint64(totalWeight))

 	// 找到计算位置处的目标
--- a/internal/loadbalance/balancer_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/loadbalance/balancer_bench_test.go
@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 //   - 包含 count 个健康目标的切片，权重均为 1
 func generateTargets(count int) []*Target {
 	targets := make([]*Target, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		targets[i] = &Target{
 			URL:    fmt.Sprintf("http://backend%d:8080", i),
 			Weight: 1,
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func generateTargets(count int) []*Target {
 //   - 包含 count 个健康目标的切片，按 weights 分配权重
 func generateWeightedTargets(count int, weights []int) []*Target {
 	targets := make([]*Target, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		weight := 1
 		if i < len(weights) {
 			weight = weights[i]
@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func BenchmarkConsistentHashSelect(b *testing.B) {
 			ch.Rebuild(targets)

 			keys := make([]string, 100)
-			for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			for i := range 100 {
 				keys[i] = fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i)
 			}

@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func BenchmarkIPHashSelect(b *testing.B) {
 			iph := NewIPHash()

 			ips := make([]string, 100)
-			for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+			for i := range 100 {
 				ips[i] = fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i)
 			}

--- a/internal/loadbalance/balancer_test.go
+++ b/internal/loadbalance/balancer_test.go
@ -124,12 +124,10 @@ func TestRoundRobin_Select(t *testing.T) {
 		}

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 100 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				_ = rr.Select(targets)
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()
 	})
@ -148,7 +146,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_Select(t *testing.T) {

 		// 统计选择次数
 		counts := make(map[string]int)
-		for i := 0; i < 400; i++ {
+		for range 400 {
 			got := wrr.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Select() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -175,7 +173,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_Select(t *testing.T) {

 		// 权重为0的目标应该被当作权重为1处理
 		counts := make(map[string]int)
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			got := wrr.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Select() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -225,7 +223,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_Select(t *testing.T) {
 		targets[1].Healthy.Store(true)

 		// 所有选择都应该落在健康目标上
-		for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		for range 50 {
 			got := wrr.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Select() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -331,7 +329,7 @@ func TestIPHash_Select(t *testing.T) {
 		// 使用相同的IP地址多次选择
 		clientIP := "192.168.1.100"
 		var firstSelection *Target
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for range 10 {
 			got := ih.SelectByIP(targets, clientIP)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("SelectByIP() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -447,12 +445,10 @@ func TestConnectionsAtomic(t *testing.T) {
 		target.Healthy.Store(true)

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 1000 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				IncrementConnections(target)
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()

@ -466,12 +462,10 @@ func TestConnectionsAtomic(t *testing.T) {
 		target.Healthy.Store(true)

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 1000 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				DecrementConnections(target)
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()

@ -486,20 +480,16 @@ func TestConnectionsAtomic(t *testing.T) {

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
 		// 500个增加
-		for i := 0; i < 500; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 500 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				IncrementConnections(target)
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		// 300个减少
-		for i := 0; i < 300; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 300 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				DecrementConnections(target)
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()

@ -727,7 +717,7 @@ func TestConsistentHash(t *testing.T) {
 		// 相同的键应该选择相同的目标
 		key := "192.168.1.100"
 		first := ch.SelectByKey(targets, key)
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for range 10 {
 			got := ch.SelectByKey(targets, key)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("SelectByKey() = nil")
@ -814,7 +804,7 @@ func TestConsistentHashSelectExcludingByKey(t *testing.T) {
 		key := "192.168.1.100"

 		// 多次选择，验证不会选中排除的目标
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			got := ch.SelectExcludingByKey(targets, excluded, key)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("SelectExcludingByKey() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -877,17 +867,15 @@ func TestConsistentHashSelectExcludingByKey(t *testing.T) {
 		key := "192.168.1.100"

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
-				for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+		for range 100 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
+				for range 100 {
 					got := ch.SelectExcludingByKey(targets, excluded, key)
 					if got != nil && got.URL == targets[0].URL {
 						t.Errorf("并发时选中了被排除的目标: %q", got.URL)
 					}
 				}
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()
 	})
@ -906,7 +894,7 @@ func TestConsistentHashSelectExcludingByKey(t *testing.T) {

 		// 相同键应该始终返回相同的目标
 		var firstSelection *Target
-		for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+		for range 50 {
 			got := ch.SelectExcludingByKey(targets, excluded, key)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("SelectExcludingByKey() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -1021,15 +1009,13 @@ func TestRoundRobin_SelectExcluding(t *testing.T) {
 		excluded := []*Target{targets[0]}

 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 100 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				got := rr.SelectExcluding(targets, excluded)
 				if got != nil && got.URL == targets[0].URL {
 					t.Errorf("选中了被排除的目标: %q", got.URL)
 				}
-			}()
+			})
 		}
 		wg.Wait()
 	})
@ -1066,7 +1052,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_SelectExcluding(t *testing.T) {
 		excluded := []*Target{targets[1]}

 		// 排除高权重目标后，只应选低权重目标
-		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+		for range 20 {
 			got := wrr.SelectExcluding(targets, excluded)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("SelectExcluding() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -1518,15 +1504,13 @@ func TestLeastConnections_ConcurrentSelection(t *testing.T) {
 	lc := NewLeastConnections()

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			got := lc.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Error("并发Select() = nil, want non-nil")
 			}
-		}()
+		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
@ -1542,15 +1526,13 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_ConcurrentSelection(t *testing.T) {
 	wrr := NewWeightedRoundRobin()

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			got := wrr.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Error("并发Select() = nil, want non-nil")
 			}
-		}()
+		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
@ -1564,7 +1546,7 @@ func TestIPHash_ConcurrentSelection(t *testing.T) {
 	ih := NewIPHash()

 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(ip string) {
 			defer wg.Done()
@ -1691,7 +1673,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobin_NegativeWeight(t *testing.T) {

 	// 负权重要被当作1处理
 	counts := make(map[string]int)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		got := wrr.Select(targets)
 		if got == nil {
 			t.Fatal("Select() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -1885,7 +1867,7 @@ func TestConsistentHash_Select(t *testing.T) {

 		// 多次调用应该返回相同结果（空键的一致性）
 		first := ch.Select(targets)
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for range 10 {
 			got := ch.Select(targets)
 			if got == nil {
 				t.Fatal("Select() = nil, want non-nil")
@ -2013,7 +1995,7 @@ func TestRandomBalancer(t *testing.T) {
 		b := NewRandom()

 		// 多次选择，验证总是选择连接数少的目标
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			selected := b.Select(targets)
 			if selected == nil {
 				t.Error("should select a target")
@ -2037,7 +2019,7 @@ func TestRandomBalancer(t *testing.T) {

 		// 连接数相等时，两个目标都应该被选中
 		counts := make(map[string]int)
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			selected := b.Select(targets)
 			if selected != nil {
 				counts[selected.URL]++
--- a/internal/loadbalance/consistent_hash.go
+++ b/internal/loadbalance/consistent_hash.go
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package loadbalance
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"hash/fnv"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"sync"
 )
@ -138,9 +139,7 @@ func (c *ConsistentHash) rebuildCircle(targets []*Target) {
 	}

 	// 排序哈希值
-	sort.Slice(c.sortedHashes, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return c.sortedHashes[i] < c.sortedHashes[j]
-	})
+	slices.Sort(c.sortedHashes)
 }

 // hashKeyString 计算字符串的哈希值（使用 FNV-64a）。
--- a/internal/loadbalance/slow_start.go
+++ b/internal/loadbalance/slow_start.go
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 package loadbalance

 import (
+	"maps"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@ -143,13 +144,7 @@ func (m *SlowStartManager) updateEffectiveWeights() {

 		// 线性增长：从 1 增加到 BaseWeight
 		progress := float64(elapsed) / float64(state.SlowStart)
-		effectiveWeight := int(1 + progress*float64(state.BaseWeight-1))
-		if effectiveWeight < 1 {
-			effectiveWeight = 1
-		}
-		if effectiveWeight > state.BaseWeight {
-			effectiveWeight = state.BaseWeight
-		}
+		effectiveWeight := min(max(int(1+progress*float64(state.BaseWeight-1)), 1), state.BaseWeight)

 		// 查找目标并更新 EffectiveWeight
 		if m.findTarget != nil {
@ -184,8 +179,6 @@ func (m *SlowStartManager) GetAllStates() map[string]*SlowStartState {
 	defer m.mu.RUnlock()

 	result := make(map[string]*SlowStartState, len(m.targets))
-	for k, v := range m.targets {
-		result[k] = v
-	}
+	maps.Copy(result, m.targets)
 	return result
 }
--- a/internal/lua/api_location.go
+++ b/internal/lua/api_location.go
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func (m *LocationManager) Register(location string, handler fasthttp.RequestHand
 // 返回值：
 //   - *LocationCaptureResult: 子请求响应结果
 //   - error: 当前实现始终返回 nil
-func (m *LocationManager) Capture(parentCtx *fasthttp.RequestCtx, location string, opts map[string]interface{}) (*LocationCaptureResult, error) {
+func (m *LocationManager) Capture(parentCtx *fasthttp.RequestCtx, location string, opts map[string]any) (*LocationCaptureResult, error) {
 	m.mu.Lock()
 	handler, ok := m.handlers[location]
 	m.mu.Unlock()
@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func RegisterLocationAPI(L *glua.LState, manager *LocationManager, ngx *glua.LTa
 		uri := L.CheckString(1)

 		// 解析选项
-		opts := make(map[string]interface{})
+		opts := make(map[string]any)
 		if L.GetTop() >= 2 {
 			optionsTable := L.CheckTable(2)
 			optionsTable.ForEach(func(key, value glua.LValue) {
--- a/internal/lua/api_location_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/api_location_test.go
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestLocationManagerCaptureWithOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	parentCtx.Request.SetRequestURI("/parent")

 	// 使用自定义选项
-	opts := map[string]interface{}{
+	opts := map[string]any{
 		"method": "POST",
 		"body":   "test body",
 	}
--- a/internal/lua/api_socket_tcp.go
+++ b/internal/lua/api_socket_tcp.go
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ type TCPSocket struct {
 	mu sync.RWMutex

 	// closed 关闭标记（原子操作）
-	closed int32
+	closed atomic.Int32
 }

 // NewTCPSocket 创建新的 TCP socket 实例。
@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ func (s *TCPSocket) ReceiveUntil(pattern string, inclusive bool) ([]byte, error)
 		// 检查是否匹配模式
 		if len(result) >= patternLen {
 			matched := true
-			for i := 0; i < patternLen; i++ {
+			for i := range patternLen {
 				if result[len(result)-patternLen+i] != patternBytes[i] {
 					matched = false
 					break
@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ func (s *TCPSocket) Close() error {
 	if s == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&s.closed, 0, 1) {
+	if !s.closed.CompareAndSwap(0, 1) {
 		return nil // 已经关闭
 	}

@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ func (s *TCPSocket) setState(state SocketState) {

 // IsClosed 检查是否已关闭
 func (s *TCPSocket) IsClosed() bool {
-	return atomic.LoadInt32(&s.closed) == 1
+	return s.closed.Load() == 1
 }

 // LocalAddr 获取本地地址
--- a/internal/lua/api_timer.go
+++ b/internal/lua/api_timer.go
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ type TimerManager struct {
 	schedulerL *glua.LState

 	// nextID 下一个定时器 ID（原子操作）
-	nextID uint64
+	nextID atomic.Uint64

 	// mu 定时器映射读写锁
 	mu sync.Mutex
@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ type TimerManager struct {
 	queueMu sync.Mutex

 	// active 活跃定时器计数（原子操作）
-	active int32
+	active atomic.Int32

 	// stopping 停止标记（原子操作）
-	stopping int32
+	stopping atomic.Int32

 	// queueClosed 队列是否已关闭
 	queueClosed bool
@ -181,14 +181,14 @@ func NewTimerManager(engine *LuaEngine) *TimerManager {
 //   - 回调不能捕获 upvalue（闭包变量），因为它们会在不同 goroutine 中执行
 //   - 跨协程数据共享应使用 shared dict
 func (m *TimerManager) At(delay time.Duration, callback *glua.LFunction, args []glua.LValue) (*TimerHandle, error) {
-	if atomic.LoadInt32(&m.stopping) != 0 {
+	if m.stopping.Load() != 0 {
 		return nil, nil // 服务器正在关闭，不接受新定时器
 	}

 	m.mu.Lock()
 	defer m.mu.Unlock()

-	id := atomic.AddUint64(&m.nextID, 1)
+	id := m.nextID.Add(1)

 	// 编译回调为 FunctionProto
 	var proto *glua.FunctionProto
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func (m *TimerManager) At(delay time.Duration, callback *glua.LFunction, args []
 	})

 	m.timers[id] = entry
-	atomic.AddInt32(&m.active, 1)
+	m.active.Add(1)

 	return &TimerHandle{id: id, manager: m}, nil
 }
@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ func (m *TimerManager) At(delay time.Duration, callback *glua.LFunction, args []
 // 检查取消信号，清理条目，并在队列满时丢弃回调。
 func (m *TimerManager) executeTimer(entry *TimerEntry) {
 	defer func() {
-		atomic.AddInt32(&m.active, -1)
+		m.active.Add(-1)
 		close(entry.done)
 	}()

@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func (m *TimerManager) Cancel(handle *TimerHandle) bool {

 	// 清理
 	delete(m.timers, entry.id)
-	atomic.AddInt32(&m.active, -1)
+	m.active.Add(-1)

 	return true
 }
@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ func (m *TimerManager) Cancel(handle *TimerHandle) bool {
 //   - bool: true 表示所有定时器已正常完成，false 表示超时
 func (m *TimerManager) WaitAll(timeout time.Duration) bool {
 	// 设置停止标志
-	atomic.StoreInt32(&m.stopping, 1)
+	m.stopping.Store(1)

 	// 等待所有定时器完成
 	start := time.Now()
-	for atomic.LoadInt32(&m.active) > 0 {
+	for m.active.Load() > 0 {
 		if time.Since(start) > timeout {
 			// 超时，强制取消所有
 			m.mu.Lock()
@ -369,12 +369,12 @@ func (m *TimerManager) WaitAll(timeout time.Duration) bool {
 //
 // 注意：该方法是幂等的，可安全调用多次。
 func (m *TimerManager) Close() {
-	if m == nil || atomic.LoadInt32(&m.stopping) != 0 {
+	if m == nil || m.stopping.Load() != 0 {
 		return // 已关闭或 nil
 	}

 	// 1. 停止接受新定时器
-	atomic.StoreInt32(&m.stopping, 1)
+	m.stopping.Store(1)

 	// 2. 优雅关闭：等待回调队列排空
 	m.gracefulShutdown(5 * time.Second)
@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func (m *TimerManager) gracefulShutdown(timeout time.Duration) {
 // 返回值：
 //   - int32: 活跃定时器数量
 func (m *TimerManager) ActiveCount() int32 {
-	return atomic.LoadInt32(&m.active)
+	return m.active.Load()
 }

 // RegisterTimerAPI 注册 ngx.timer API 到 Lua 状态机。
--- a/internal/lua/boundary_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/boundary_test.go
@ -324,11 +324,11 @@ func TestBoundarySharedDictConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	concurrency := 10
 	iterations := 100

-	for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
+	for i := range concurrency {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(id int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < iterations; j++ {
+			for range iterations {
 				key := "key-" + string(rune('0'+id%10))
 				_, _ = dict.Set(key, "value", 0)
 				_, _, _ = dict.Get(key)
--- a/internal/lua/cache.go
+++ b/internal/lua/cache.go
@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ type CodeCache struct {
 	ttl time.Duration

 	// 缓存命中次数
-	hits uint64
+	hits atomic.Uint64

 	// 缓存未命中次数
-	misses uint64
+	misses atomic.Uint64

 	// 读写锁
 	mu sync.RWMutex
@ -156,12 +156,12 @@ func (c *CodeCache) GetOrCompileInline(src string) (*glua.FunctionProto, error)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()

 	if ok && !c.isExpired(cached) {
-		atomic.AddUint64(&c.hits, 1)
+		c.hits.Add(1)
 		cached.AccessAt.Store(time.Now())
 		return cached.Proto, nil
 	}

-	atomic.AddUint64(&c.misses, 1)
+	c.misses.Add(1)

 	// 编译脚本
 	chunk, err := parse.Parse(strings.NewReader(src), "<inline>")
@ -210,12 +210,12 @@ func (c *CodeCache) GetOrCompileFile(path string) (*glua.FunctionProto, error) {

 	// 检查是否需要重新加载
 	if ok && !c.isExpired(cached) && !c.isFileChanged(cached) {
-		atomic.AddUint64(&c.hits, 1)
+		c.hits.Add(1)
 		cached.AccessAt.Store(time.Now())
 		return cached.Proto, nil
 	}

-	atomic.AddUint64(&c.misses, 1)
+	c.misses.Add(1)

 	// 读取文件
 	content, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@ -345,13 +345,13 @@ func (c *CodeCache) isFileChanged(cached *CachedProto) bool {
 func (c *CodeCache) Stats() (hits, misses uint64, size int) {
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	defer c.mu.RUnlock()
-	return atomic.LoadUint64(&c.hits), atomic.LoadUint64(&c.misses), len(c.protos)
+	return c.hits.Load(), c.misses.Load(), len(c.protos)
 }

 // HitRate 返回缓存命中率
 func (c *CodeCache) HitRate() float64 {
-	hits := atomic.LoadUint64(&c.hits)
-	misses := atomic.LoadUint64(&c.misses)
+	hits := c.hits.Load()
+	misses := c.misses.Load()
 	total := hits + misses
 	if total == 0 {
 		return 0
--- a/internal/lua/engine.go
+++ b/internal/lua/engine.go
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ type LuaEngine struct {

 	// 并发控制
 	maxCoroutines int
-	activeCount   int32
+	activeCount   atomic.Int32

 	// 引擎统计
 	stats EngineStats
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func NewEngine(config *Config) (*LuaEngine, error) {
 		cancel:            cancel,
 		sharedDictManager: NewSharedDictManager(),
 		coroutinePool: sync.Pool{
-			New: func() interface{} {
+			New: func() any {
 				// 注意：这里只是创建空的协程对象结构
 				// 实际的协程通过 L.NewThread() 创建
 				return &LuaCoroutine{}
@ -262,9 +262,9 @@ func (e *LuaEngine) Close() {
 //   - 使用完毕后必须调用 Close() 或 releaseCoroutine() 释放资源
 func (e *LuaEngine) NewCoroutine(req *fasthttp.RequestCtx) (*LuaCoroutine, error) {
 	// 步骤1: 检查并发限制
-	current := atomic.AddInt32(&e.activeCount, 1)
+	current := e.activeCount.Add(1)
 	if current > int32(e.maxCoroutines) {
-		atomic.AddInt32(&e.activeCount, -1)
+		e.activeCount.Add(-1)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("max concurrent coroutines exceeded: %d/%d", current, e.maxCoroutines)
 	}

@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ func (e *LuaEngine) NewCoroutine(req *fasthttp.RequestCtx) (*LuaCoroutine, error
 	// 协程继承主 LState 的全局环境
 	co, cancel := e.L.NewThread()
 	if co == nil {
-		atomic.AddInt32(&e.activeCount, -1)
+		e.activeCount.Add(-1)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create coroutine")
 	}

@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ func (e *LuaEngine) releaseCoroutine(coro *LuaCoroutine) {
 	coro.executionCancel = nil

 	// 步骤4: 更新计数
-	atomic.AddInt32(&e.activeCount, -1)
+	e.activeCount.Add(-1)
 	atomic.AddUint64(&e.stats.CoroutinesClosed, 1)

 	// 步骤5: 放回池中（仅复用 LuaCoroutine 结构体内存）
@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ func (e *LuaEngine) Stats() EngineStats {
 // 返回值：
 //   - int32: 当前正在执行的协程数
 func (e *LuaEngine) ActiveCoroutines() int32 {
-	return atomic.LoadInt32(&e.activeCount)
+	return e.activeCount.Load()
 }

 // SharedDictManager 返回共享字典管理器实例。
--- a/internal/lua/filter_phase_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/filter_phase_test.go
@ -244,14 +244,14 @@ func TestDelayedResponseWriter_Pool(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := mockRequestCtx()

 	// 预热池
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		ri := AcquireResponseInterceptor(ctx)
 		ReleaseResponseInterceptor(ri)
 	}

 	// 测试从池获取的性能
 	start := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
+	for range 10000 {
 		ri := AcquireResponseInterceptor(ctx)
 		ri.WriteString("test")
 		ReleaseResponseInterceptor(ri)
@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func TestConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	errors := make(chan error, 100)

-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(idx int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func TestBodyFilterPhase(t *testing.T) {
 			name:      "large body",
 			inputBody: strings.Repeat("x", 10000),
 			filterFunc: func(b []byte) []byte {
-				return append([]byte("size="), []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d ", len(b)))...)
+				return append([]byte("size="), fmt.Appendf(nil, "%d ", len(b))...)
 			},
 			expectedOutput: "size=10000 ",
 		},
@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ func TestFilterPhaseSuccessRate(t *testing.T) {
 	successCount := 0
 	var mu sync.Mutex

-	for i := 0; i < totalRequests; i++ {
+	for i := range totalRequests {
 		ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 		drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 		drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -537,14 +537,14 @@ func TestPerformanceOverhead(t *testing.T) {
 	// 基准：正常写入
 	ctx1 := mockRequestCtx()
 	start := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
+	for range 10000 {
 		ctx1.Response.SetBodyString("Hello, World!")
 	}
 	baselineDuration := time.Since(start)

 	// 测试：延迟写入
 	start = time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < 10000; i++ {
+	for range 10000 {
 		ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 		drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 		drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ func TestFilterPhaseFeasibility(t *testing.T) {
 		const iterations = 100
 		success := 0

-		for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+		for range iterations {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 			drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -963,7 +963,7 @@ func TestFilterPhaseFeasibility(t *testing.T) {

 		// 基准
 		start := time.Now()
-		for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+		for range iterations {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			ctx.Response.SetBodyString("test")
 		}
@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ func TestFilterPhaseFeasibility(t *testing.T) {

 		// 延迟写入
 		start = time.Now()
-		for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+		for range iterations {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 			drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ func TestFilterPhaseMetrics(t *testing.T) {
 	const iterations = 100

 	start := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+	for i := range iterations {
 		ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 		drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 		drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -1177,13 +1177,11 @@ func BenchmarkFilterPhaseScalability(b *testing.B) {
 		b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("goroutines-%d", goroutines), func(b *testing.B) {
 			var wg sync.WaitGroup
 			errors := make(chan error, b.N)
-			var completed int32
+			var completed atomic.Int32

 			b.ResetTimer()
-			for i := 0; i < goroutines; i++ {
-				wg.Add(1)
-				go func() {
-					defer wg.Done()
+			for range goroutines {
+				wg.Go(func() {
 					for j := 0; j < b.N/goroutines; j++ {
 						ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 						drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
@ -1193,10 +1191,10 @@ func BenchmarkFilterPhaseScalability(b *testing.B) {
 						if err := drw.Flush(); err != nil {
 							errors <- err
 						} else {
-							atomic.AddInt32(&completed, 1)
+							completed.Add(1)
 						}
 					}
-				}()
+				})
 			}
 			wg.Wait()
 			close(errors)
@ -1373,7 +1371,7 @@ func TestFinalVerification(t *testing.T) {
 		const total = 1000
 		success := 0

-		for i := 0; i < total; i++ {
+		for range total {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 			drw.EnableFilterPhase()
@ -1439,7 +1437,7 @@ func TestFinalVerification(t *testing.T) {

 		// 基准
 		start := time.Now()
-		for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+		for range iterations {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			ctx.Response.SetBodyString("test")
 			ctx.Response.Header.Set("X-Test", "value")
@ -1448,7 +1446,7 @@ func TestFinalVerification(t *testing.T) {

 		// Filter phase
 		start = time.Now()
-		for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+		for range iterations {
 			ctx := mockRequestCtx()
 			drw := NewDelayedResponseWriter(ctx)
 			drw.EnableFilterPhase()
--- a/internal/lua/filter_writer.go
+++ b/internal/lua/filter_writer.go
@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ func (drw *DelayedResponseWriter) DelHeader(key string) {

 // ResponseInterceptorPool 响应拦截器对象池。
 var ResponseInterceptorPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return &ResponseInterceptor{}
 	},
 }
@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ func (drw *DelayedResponseWriter) Redirect(uri string, statusCode int) {

 // bufferPool body 缓冲区对象池。
 var bufferPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		buf := make([]byte, 0, 4096) // 4KB 初始容量
 		return &buf
 	},
@ -747,10 +747,7 @@ func (bw *BufferedWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	// 检查是否需要扩容
 	if len(bw.buf)+len(p) > cap(bw.buf) {
 		// 扩容
-		newCap := cap(bw.buf) * 2
-		if newCap < len(bw.buf)+len(p) {
-			newCap = len(bw.buf) + len(p)
-		}
+		newCap := max(cap(bw.buf)*2, len(bw.buf)+len(p))
 		newBuf := make([]byte, len(bw.buf), newCap)
 		copy(newBuf, bw.buf)
 		releaseBuffer(bw.buf)
--- a/internal/lua/lua_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/lua_bench_test.go
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func BenchmarkTimerGracefulShutdown(b *testing.B) {
 		})

 		// 创建一些定时器
-		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+		for range 10 {
 			manager.At(1*time.Millisecond, callback, nil)
 		}

--- a/internal/lua/lua_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/lua_test.go
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func TestLuaContextPoolMultipleReuse(t *testing.T) {
 	defer engine.Close()

 	// 循环多次 release/acquire，验证状态始终正确
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		ctx := NewContext(engine, nil)
 		ctx.SetVariable("iter", "val")
 		ctx.Write([]byte("data"))
--- a/internal/lua/middleware_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/middleware_bench_test.go
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestLuaMiddlewarePerformanceOverhead(t *testing.T) {
 	// 测量 100 次执行的总时间
 	iterations := 100
 	start := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+	for range iterations {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		handler(ctx)
 	}
--- a/internal/lua/scheduler_test.go
+++ b/internal/lua/scheduler_test.go
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ func TestSchedulerConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	// 创建多个 LState 并发访问
 	done := make(chan bool, 10)

-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		go func() {
 			L := glua.NewState()
 			defer L.Close()
@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ func TestSchedulerConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// 等待所有 goroutine 完成
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		<-done
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/lua/socket_manager.go
+++ b/internal/lua/socket_manager.go
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ type SocketOperation struct {
 	LastActivity time.Time

 	// Result 操作结果
-	Result interface{}
+	Result any

 	// Error 操作错误
 	Error error
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ type SocketOperation struct {
 	Done chan struct{}

 	// completed 原子标记，1=已完成，0=未完成
-	completed int32
+	completed atomic.Int32
 }

 // IsCompleted 检查操作是否已完成。
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ type SocketOperation struct {
 // 返回值：
 //   - bool: true 表示已完成
 func (op *SocketOperation) IsCompleted() bool {
-	return atomic.LoadInt32(&op.completed) == 1
+	return op.completed.Load() == 1
 }

 // Complete 标记操作完成。
@ -143,8 +143,8 @@ func (op *SocketOperation) IsCompleted() bool {
 // 参数：
 //   - result: 操作结果
 //   - err: 操作错误（nil 表示成功）
-func (op *SocketOperation) Complete(result interface{}, err error) {
-	if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&op.completed, 0, 1) {
+func (op *SocketOperation) Complete(result any, err error) {
+	if op.completed.CompareAndSwap(0, 1) {
 		op.Result = result
 		op.Error = err
 		close(op.Done)
@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func (op *SocketOperation) Complete(result interface{}, err error) {
 // 返回值：
 //   - interface{}: 操作结果
 //   - error: 操作错误或上下文取消错误
-func (op *SocketOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context) (interface{}, error) {
+func (op *SocketOperation) Wait(ctx context.Context) (any, error) {
 	select {
 	case <-op.Done:
 		return op.Result, op.Error
@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func (cm *CosocketManager) StartOperation(socket *TCPSocket, opType OperationTyp
 //   - id: 操作 ID
 //   - result: 操作结果
 //   - err: 操作错误
-func (cm *CosocketManager) CompleteOperation(id uint64, result interface{}, err error) {
+func (cm *CosocketManager) CompleteOperation(id uint64, result any, err error) {
 	cm.mu.Lock()
 	op, exists := cm.operations[id]
 	if exists {
--- a/internal/matcher/conflict.go
+++ b/internal/matcher/conflict.go
@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 // 作者：xfy
 package matcher

+import "maps"
+
 import "fmt"

 // ConflictDetector 路径冲突检测器。
@ -61,9 +63,7 @@ func (cd *ConflictDetector) Exists(path string) bool {
 //   - map[string]string: 路径到 location 类型的映射
 func (cd *ConflictDetector) GetRegisteredPaths() map[string]string {
 	result := make(map[string]string, len(cd.registeredPaths))
-	for k, v := range cd.registeredPaths {
-		result[k] = v
-	}
+	maps.Copy(result, cd.registeredPaths)
 	return result
 }

--- a/internal/middleware/bodylimit/bodylimit_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/bodylimit/bodylimit_bench_test.go
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func BenchmarkBodyLimitPathMatching(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	// 添加大量路径配置
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		path := "/api/v" + string(rune('0'+i%10)) + "/resource" + string(rune('0'+i%10))
 		size := "1mb"
 		if i%3 == 0 {
--- a/internal/middleware/bodylimit/bodylimit_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/bodylimit/bodylimit_test.go
@ -260,13 +260,7 @@ func (r *slowReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {

 	// 每次只读取 chunkSize 字节
 	remaining := len(r.data) - r.pos
-	toRead := r.chunkSize
-	if toRead > remaining {
-		toRead = remaining
-	}
-	if toRead > len(p) {
-		toRead = len(p)
-	}
+	toRead := min(min(r.chunkSize, remaining), len(p))

 	n = toRead
 	copy(p, r.data[r.pos:r.pos+toRead])
--- a/internal/middleware/compression/compression_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/compression/compression_test.go
@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ package compression
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/andybalholm/brotli"
@ -82,13 +83,7 @@ func TestDefaultCompressibleTypes(t *testing.T) {
 	// 检查关键类型
 	expected := []string{"text/html", "text/css", "application/json"}
 	for _, e := range expected {
-		found := false
-		for _, t := range types {
-			if t == e {
-				found = true
-				break
-			}
-		}
+		found := slices.Contains(types, e)
 		if !found {
 			t.Errorf("Expected type %s in default list", e)
 		}
--- a/internal/middleware/limitrate/limitrate_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/limitrate/limitrate_test.go
@ -429,14 +429,12 @@ func TestRateLimitedWriter_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
 	writesPerGoroutine := 10
 	data := []byte("test")

-	for i := 0; i < goroutines; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < writesPerGoroutine; j++ {
+	for range goroutines {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			for range writesPerGoroutine {
 				_, _ = w.Write(data)
 			}
-		}()
+		})
 	}

 	wg.Wait()
--- a/internal/middleware/limitrate/writer.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/limitrate/writer.go
@ -65,10 +65,7 @@ func (w *RateLimitedWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 			w.bucket = w.rate // 简化：每秒补充 rate 个令牌
 		}

-		chunk := int64(n - written)
-		if chunk > w.bucket {
-			chunk = w.bucket
-		}
+		chunk := min(int64(n-written), w.bucket)

 		nw, err := w.writer.Write(p[written : written+int(chunk)])
 		written += nw
--- a/internal/middleware/middleware.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/middleware.go
@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 // 作者：xfy
 package middleware

+import "slices"
+
 import "github.com/valyala/fasthttp"

 // Middleware 中间件接口，定义中间件的标准方法。
@ -72,8 +74,8 @@ func NewChain(middlewares ...Middleware) *Chain {
 //	A -> B -> C -> H -> C -> B -> A
 func (c *Chain) Apply(final fasthttp.RequestHandler) fasthttp.RequestHandler {
 	handler := final
-	for i := len(c.middlewares) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-		handler = c.middlewares[i].Process(handler)
+	for _, v := range slices.Backward(c.middlewares) {
+		handler = v.Process(handler)
 	}
 	return handler
 }
--- a/internal/middleware/security/access.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/access.go
@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@ -218,10 +219,8 @@ func (ac *AccessControl) Check(ip net.IP) bool {
 				return false
 			}

-			for _, c := range ac.geoipConfig.DenyCountries {
-				if country == c {
-					return false
-				}
+			if slices.Contains(ac.geoipConfig.DenyCountries, country) {
+				return false
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -238,10 +237,8 @@ checkAllow:
 	if ac.geoip != nil && ac.geoipConfig.Enabled {
 		country, err := ac.geoip.LookupCountry(ip)
 		if err == nil && country != geoPrivateDeny {
-			for _, c := range ac.geoipConfig.AllowCountries {
-				if country == c {
-					return true
-				}
+			if slices.Contains(ac.geoipConfig.AllowCountries, country) {
+				return true
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -415,8 +412,8 @@ func (ac *AccessControl) getClientIP(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) net.IP {
 			// 使用右侧（最接近客户端）的非可信 IP
 			if xff := ctx.Request.Header.Peek("X-Forwarded-For"); len(xff) > 0 {
 				ips := strings.Split(string(xff), ",")
-				for i := len(ips) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-					ipStr := strings.TrimSpace(ips[i])
+				for _, v := range slices.Backward(ips) {
+					ipStr := strings.TrimSpace(v)
 					if ip := net.ParseIP(ipStr); ip != nil {
 						// 检查该 IP 是否在可信代理列表中
 						trusted := false
--- a/internal/middleware/security/auth.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/auth.go
@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ func parseArgon2idHash(hash string) (argon2Params, []byte, []byte, error) {
 	paramsStr := parts[3]
 	params := defaultArgon2Params

-	paramParts := strings.Split(paramsStr, ",")
-	for _, p := range paramParts {
+	paramParts := strings.SplitSeq(paramsStr, ",")
+	for p := range paramParts {
 		kv := strings.Split(p, "=")
 		if len(kv) != 2 {
 			continue
@ -362,13 +362,13 @@ func (ba *BasicAuth) extractCredentials(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) (string, strin

 	// 分割用户名:密码
 	credentials := string(decoded)
-	idx := strings.Index(credentials, ":")
-	if idx == -1 {
+	before, after, ok := strings.Cut(credentials, ":")
+	if !ok {
 		return "", "", false
 	}

-	username := credentials[:idx]
-	password := credentials[idx+1:]
+	username := before
+	password := after

 	return username, password, true
 }
--- a/internal/middleware/security/auth_request.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/auth_request.go
@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ func parseAuthURL(url string) (string, bool, error) {
 	if strings.HasPrefix(url, "https://") {
 		isTLS = true
 		url = strings.TrimPrefix(url, "https://")
-	} else if strings.HasPrefix(url, "http://") {
-		url = strings.TrimPrefix(url, "http://")
+	} else if after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(url, "http://"); ok {
+		url = after
 	}

 	// 提取主机部分
--- a/internal/middleware/security/geoip_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/geoip_test.go
@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ func TestGeoIPLookup_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	geoip := setupTestGeoIP(t, "allow")

 	done := make(chan bool, 10)
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		go func() {
 			_, err := geoip.LookupCountry(net.ParseIP("2.125.160.216"))
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ func TestGeoIPLookup_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 		}()
 	}

-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		<-done
 	}
 }
--- a/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit.go
@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func newTokenBucketLimiter(cfg *config.RateLimitConfig) (*RateLimiter, error) {
 	}

 	// 初始化 16 个分段锁桶
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		rl.shards[i] = shardedBucket{
 			buckets: make(map[string]*tokenBucket),
 		}
@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ func (rl *RateLimiter) Reset(key string) {
 //
 // 清空所有桶记录，所有客户端将重新开始计数。
 func (rl *RateLimiter) ResetAll() {
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		rl.shards[i].mu.Lock()
 		rl.shards[i].buckets = make(map[string]*tokenBucket)
 		rl.shards[i].mu.Unlock()
@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ func (rl *RateLimiter) ResetAll() {
 //   - maxAge: 未使用桶的最大保留时间
 func (rl *RateLimiter) Cleanup(maxAge time.Duration) {
 	now := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		shard := &rl.shards[i]
 		shard.mu.Lock()
 		for key, bucket := range shard.buckets {
@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ type RateLimitStats struct {
 //   - RateLimitStats: 包含桶数量、速率和容量的统计对象
 func (rl *RateLimiter) GetStats() RateLimitStats {
 	totalBuckets := 0
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		rl.shards[i].mu.RLock()
 		totalBuckets += len(rl.shards[i].buckets)
 		rl.shards[i].mu.RUnlock()
@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ type ConnLimiter struct {
 	keyFunc KeyFunc
 	counts  map[string]int64
 	max     int
-	current int64
+	current atomic.Int64
 	mu      sync.RWMutex
 	perKey  bool
 }
@ -601,9 +601,9 @@ func NewConnLimiter(maxConns int, perKey bool, keyType string) (*ConnLimiter, er
 func (cl *ConnLimiter) Acquire(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) bool {
 	if !cl.perKey {
 		// 全局限制（原子递增后检查溢出，避免 TOCTOU 竞态）
-		current := atomic.AddInt64(&cl.current, 1)
+		current := cl.current.Add(1)
 		if current > int64(cl.max) {
-			atomic.AddInt64(&cl.current, -1)
+			cl.current.Add(-1)
 			return false
 		}
 		return true
@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ func (cl *ConnLimiter) Acquire(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) bool {
 //   - ctx: FastHTTP 请求上下文
 func (cl *ConnLimiter) Release(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 	if !cl.perKey {
-		atomic.AddInt64(&cl.current, -1)
+		cl.current.Add(-1)
 		return
 	}

--- a/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit_bench_test.go
@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func BenchmarkRateLimiterCleanup_1000Buckets(b *testing.B) {
 	defer rl.StopCleanup()

 	// 预创建 1000 个桶
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+	for i := range 1000 {
 		rl.Allow("192.168.0." + string(rune(i)))
 	}

@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func BenchmarkRateLimiterCleanup_1000Buckets(b *testing.B) {
 	for b.Loop() {
 		rl.Cleanup(0) // 清理所有桶
 		// 重新创建桶以保持测试一致性
-		for j := 0; j < 1000; j++ {
+		for j := range 1000 {
 			rl.Allow("192.168.0." + string(rune(j)))
 		}
 	}
@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ func BenchmarkRateLimiterStats(b *testing.B) {
 	defer rl.StopCleanup()

 	// 预创建一些桶
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		rl.Allow("192.168.0." + string(rune(i)))
 	}

--- a/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/ratelimit_test.go
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func TestRateLimiterAllow(t *testing.T) {
 	key := "test-key"

 	// Should allow burst requests
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for i := range 10 {
 		if !rl.Allow(key) {
 			t.Errorf("Expected request %d to be allowed", i+1)
 		}
@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestRateLimiterTokenRefill(t *testing.T) {
 	key := "refill-test"

 	// Exhaust the burst
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		rl.Allow(key)
 	}

@ -607,7 +607,7 @@ func TestRateLimiter_GetRetryAfter(t *testing.T) {

 	// 创建一个桶并消耗令牌
 	key := "test-key"
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		rl.Allow(key)
 	}

--- a/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window.go
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func NewSlidingWindowLimiter(window time.Duration, limit int, precise bool) *Sli
 		precise: precise,
 	}
 	// 初始化16个分段锁桶
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		s.buckets[i] = &limiterBucket{
 			counters: make(map[string]*windowCounter),
 		}
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ func (s *SlidingWindowLimiter) Reset(key string) {

 // ResetAll 重置所有计数器。
 func (s *SlidingWindowLimiter) ResetAll() {
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		bucket := s.buckets[i]
 		bucket.mu.Lock()
 		bucket.counters = make(map[string]*windowCounter)
@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ func (s *SlidingWindowLimiter) ResetAll() {
 //   - maxAge: 未使用计数器的最大保留时间
 func (s *SlidingWindowLimiter) Cleanup(maxAge time.Duration) {
 	now := time.Now()
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		bucket := s.buckets[i]
 		bucket.mu.Lock()
 		for key, counter := range bucket.counters {
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ type SlidingWindowStats struct {
 // GetStats 返回统计信息。
 func (s *SlidingWindowLimiter) GetStats() SlidingWindowStats {
 	totalKeys := 0
-	for i := 0; i < 16; i++ {
+	for i := range 16 {
 		bucket := s.buckets[i]
 		bucket.mu.RLock()
 		totalKeys += len(bucket.counters)
--- a/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window_bench_test.go
@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func BenchmarkSlidingWindowCleanup(b *testing.B) {
 	sw := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 1000, false)

 	// 预创建 100 个键
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		sw.Allow("192.168.0." + string(rune(i)))
 	}

@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ func BenchmarkSlidingWindowGetCount(b *testing.B) {
 	key := "192.168.1.100"

 	// 预先添加一些请求
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for range 100 {
 		sw.Allow(key)
 	}

@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func BenchmarkSlidingWindowStats(b *testing.B) {
 	sw := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 10000, false)

 	// 预创建一些键
-	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+	for i := range 50 {
 		sw.Allow("192.168.0." + string(rune(i)))
 	}

--- a/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window_test.go
+++ b/internal/middleware/security/sliding_window_test.go
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("近似模式-允许请求", func(t *testing.T) {
 		limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 10, false)

-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for i := range 10 {
 			if !limiter.Allow("test-key") {
 				t.Errorf("请求 %d 应该被允许", i+1)
 			}
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 		limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 5, false)

 		// 发送 5 个请求
-		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		for range 5 {
 			limiter.Allow("test-key")
 		}

@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("精确模式-允许请求", func(t *testing.T) {
 		limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 10, true)

-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for i := range 10 {
 			if !limiter.Allow("test-key") {
 				t.Errorf("请求 %d 应该被允许", i+1)
 			}
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 		limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 3, true)

 		// 发送 3 个请求
-		for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		for i := range 3 {
 			if !limiter.Allow("test-key") {
 				t.Errorf("请求 %d 应该被允许", i+1)
 			}
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_Reset(t *testing.T) {
 	limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 5, true)

 	// 发送一些请求
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		limiter.Allow("test-key")
 	}

@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func TestSlidingWindowLimiter_GetCount(t *testing.T) {
 	limiter := NewSlidingWindowLimiter(time.Second, 10, true)

 	// 发送 3 个请求
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for range 3 {
 		limiter.Allow("test-key")
 	}

--- a/internal/mimeutil/detect_test.go
+++ b/internal/mimeutil/detect_test.go
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ func TestConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发调用 DetectContentType
 	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
-	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+	for range numGoroutines {
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			DetectContentType("test.html")
@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func TestConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发调用 AddTypes
 	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
-	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+	for i := range numGoroutines {
 		go func(i int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			AddTypes(map[string]string{".test": "application/x-test"})
@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func TestConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发调用 SetDefaultType 和 GetDefaultType
 	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
-	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+	for range numGoroutines {
 		go func() {
 			defer wg.Done()
 			SetDefaultType("text/plain")
--- a/internal/proxy/connection_pool_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/connection_pool_bench_test.go
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func BenchmarkConnectionPool_Normal(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	// 预热连接池
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 		ctx.Request.Header.SetMethod(fasthttp.MethodGet)
@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func BenchmarkConnectionPool_SmallBody(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	// 预热
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Request.SetRequestURI("/api/test")
 		p.ServeHTTP(ctx)
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func BenchmarkConnectionPool_MultiTarget(b *testing.B) {
 	targets := make([]*loadbalance.Target, 3)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), 3)

-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		addr, cleanup := setupInmemoryBackend([]byte("backend" + strconv.Itoa(i)))
 		cleanups[i] = cleanup
 		targets[i] = &loadbalance.Target{
@ -295,4 +295,4 @@ func BenchmarkHostClient_AcquireRelease(b *testing.B) {
 		fasthttp.ReleaseRequest(req)
 		fasthttp.ReleaseResponse(resp)
 	}
-}
+}
--- a/internal/proxy/proxy.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/proxy.go
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ const (
 // 注意：从 pool 获取的 map 使用后不能 Put 回 pool，
 // 因为 cache.Set 存储了 map 引用。
 var headersPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return make(map[string]string, 20)
 	},
 }
--- a/internal/proxy/proxy_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/proxy_bench_test.go
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ func BenchmarkProxyForwardMultipleTargets(b *testing.B) {
 	targets := make([]*loadbalance.Target, numTargets)
 	cleanups := make([]func(), numTargets)

-	for i := 0; i < numTargets; i++ {
+	for i := range numTargets {
 		addr, cleanup := setupMockBackend(smallBody)
 		cleanups[i] = cleanup
 		targets[i] = &loadbalance.Target{
--- a/internal/proxy/proxy_dns.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/proxy_dns.go
@ -110,10 +110,7 @@ func (p *Proxy) startDNSRefreshLoop() {
 	}

 	// 刷新间隔为 TTL / 2
-	interval := ttl / 2
-	if interval < time.Second {
-		interval = time.Second
-	}
+	interval := max(ttl/2, time.Second)

 	ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
--- a/internal/proxy/websocket.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/websocket.go
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ import (
 // wsBufPool WebSocket 数据转发 buffer pool。
 // 复用 32KB buffer 避免每次 copyData 调用分配。
 var wsBufPool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		buf := make([]byte, 32*1024)
 		return &buf
 	},
--- a/internal/proxy/websocket_test.go
+++ b/internal/proxy/websocket_test.go
@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ func TestWebSocketBridge_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	errCh := make(chan error, numBridges)

-	for i := 0; i < numBridges; i++ {
+	for i := range numBridges {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(id int) {
 			defer wg.Done()
--- a/internal/resolver/mock_dns_test.go
+++ b/internal/resolver/mock_dns_test.go
@ -395,14 +395,12 @@ func TestMockDNSConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	concurrency := 10
 	iterations := 100

-	for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			for j := 0; j < iterations; j++ {
+	for range concurrency {
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			for range iterations {
 				_, _ = resolver.LookupHostWithCache(context.Background(), "localhost")
 			}
-		}()
+		})
 	}

 	wg.Wait()
@ -492,16 +490,14 @@ func TestMockDNSCacheEntryConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
 	var readCount atomic.Int64

 	// 并发读取
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			entry.mu.RLock()
 			_ = entry.IPs
 			_ = entry.ExpiresAt
 			entry.mu.RUnlock()
 			readCount.Add(1)
-		}()
+		})
 	}

 	wg.Wait()
--- a/internal/resolver/resolver.go
+++ b/internal/resolver/resolver.go
@ -373,10 +373,7 @@ func (r *DNSResolver) Start() error {
 // refreshLoop 后台刷新循环。
 func (r *DNSResolver) refreshLoop() {
 	// 刷新间隔为 TTL / 2
-	interval := r.config.TTL() / 2
-	if interval < time.Second {
-		interval = time.Second
-	}
+	interval := max(r.config.TTL()/2, time.Second)

 	ticker := time.NewTicker(interval)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
--- a/internal/resolver/resolver_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/resolver/resolver_bench_test.go
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func createTestResolver() *DNSResolver {
 	r := New(cfg).(*DNSResolver)

 	// 预填充缓存条目，模拟真实的解析场景
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		host := fmt.Sprintf("host%d.example.com", i)
 		r.storeCache(host, &DNSCacheEntry{
 			IPs:        []string{fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i%256), fmt.Sprintf("192.168.2.%d", i%256)},
@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func BenchmarkDNSResolverMixedWorkload(b *testing.B) {
 	ctx := context.Background()

 	// 预填充一些缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 50; i++ {
+	for i := range 50 {
 		host := fmt.Sprintf("cached%d.example.com", i)
 		r.storeCache(host, &DNSCacheEntry{
 			IPs:       []string{fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i%256)},
--- a/internal/resolver/resolver_test.go
+++ b/internal/resolver/resolver_test.go
@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func TestCacheHitRate(t *testing.T) {
 	r.mu.Unlock()

 	// 3 次命中
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for range 3 {
 		_, _ = r.LookupHostWithCache(context.Background(), "test.example.com")
 	}

@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ func TestClearCache(t *testing.T) {
 	r := New(cfg).(*DNSResolver)

 	// 添加多个缓存
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for i := range 5 {
 		host := fmt.Sprintf("test%d.example.com", i)
 		r.storeCache(host, &DNSCacheEntry{
 			IPs:       []string{fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i)},
@ -397,12 +397,10 @@ func TestConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发读取
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			_, _ = r.LookupHostWithCache(context.Background(), "test.example.com")
-		}()
+		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()

@ -578,7 +576,7 @@ func TestCacheSizeLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	r := New(cfg).(*DNSResolver)

 	// 添加 5 个缓存条目，应淘汰 2 个
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for i := range 5 {
 		host := fmt.Sprintf("host%d.example.com", i)
 		r.storeCache(host, &DNSCacheEntry{
 			IPs:       []string{fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i)},
@ -623,7 +621,7 @@ func TestCacheSizeZero(t *testing.T) {
 	r := New(cfg).(*DNSResolver)

 	// 添加大量缓存条目
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		host := fmt.Sprintf("host%d.example.com", i)
 		r.storeCache(host, &DNSCacheEntry{
 			IPs:       []string{fmt.Sprintf("192.168.1.%d", i%256)},
--- a/internal/server/pool.go
+++ b/internal/server/pool.go
@ -195,10 +195,8 @@ func (p *GoroutinePool) Submit(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx, task Task) error {
 // worker 从任务队列获取任务执行，空闲超时后自动退出（保持最小数量）。
 func (p *GoroutinePool) startWorker() {
 	atomic.AddInt32(&p.workers, 1)
-	p.wg.Add(1)

-	go func() {
-		defer p.wg.Done()
+	p.wg.Go(func() {
 		defer atomic.AddInt32(&p.workers, -1)

 		idleTimer := time.NewTimer(p.idleTimeout)
@ -233,7 +231,7 @@ func (p *GoroutinePool) startWorker() {
 				return
 			}
 		}
-	}()
+	})
 }

 // Stats 返回池的统计信息。
--- a/internal/server/pool_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/pool_bench_test.go
@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoroutinePoolParallel(b *testing.B) {
 	task := func(_ *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 		// 模拟微小工作负载
 		sum := 0
-		for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+		for j := range 100 {
 			sum += j
 		}
 		_ = sum
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoroutinePoolSubmit_BlockingPath(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	// 提交任务使队列保持满状态
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		go func() {
 			for {
 				_ = pool.Submit(ctx, slowTask)
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoroutinePoolQueueFull(b *testing.B) {
 	task := func(_ *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 		// 模拟微小工作负载
 		sum := 0
-		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+		for j := range 10 {
 			sum += j
 		}
 		_ = sum
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoroutinePoolWorkerRecycle(b *testing.B) {
 			time.Sleep(100 * time.Microsecond)
 		}

-		for j := 0; j < 30; j++ {
+		for range 30 {
 			go pool.Submit(ctx, task)
 		}

@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func BenchmarkGoroutinePoolSubmitWithWork(b *testing.B) {
 			task := func(_ *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 				// 模拟中等计算量
 				sum := 0
-				for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+				for i := range 1000 {
 					sum += i
 				}
 				_ = sum
--- a/internal/server/pool_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/pool_test.go
@ -138,15 +138,13 @@ func TestPoolConcurrentSubmit(t *testing.T) {
 	var counter atomic.Int32
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup

-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {

 			_ = p.Submit(nil, func(_ *fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 				counter.Add(1)
 			})
-		}()
+		})
 	}

 	wg.Wait()
@ -395,7 +393,7 @@ func TestPoolSubmit_MultipleQueuedTasks(t *testing.T) {
 	var counter atomic.Int32

 	// 快速提交多个任务
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		_ = p.Submit(nil, func(*fasthttp.RequestCtx) {
 			counter.Add(1)
 		})
--- a/internal/server/pprof_impl_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/pprof_impl_test.go
@ -122,12 +122,10 @@ func TestWriteGoroutineProfile(t *testing.T) {

 		// 启动一些 goroutine
 		var wg sync.WaitGroup
-		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-			wg.Add(1)
-			go func() {
-				defer wg.Done()
+		for range 5 {
+			wg.Go(func() {
 				select {}
-			}()
+			})
 		}

 		writeGoroutineProfile(&buf)
@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ func TestCPUProfileMutex(t *testing.T) {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer

 		// 启动多个 goroutine 同时操作
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		for range 10 {
 			wg.Add(2)
 			go func() {
 				defer wg.Done()
--- a/internal/server/server_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/server_test.go
@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func TestStopAfterStop(t *testing.T) {
 	s := New(cfg)

 	// 多次调用 StopWithTimeout 应该都是安全的
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		err := s.StopWithTimeout(5 * time.Second)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("StopWithTimeout() call %d returned error: %v", i+1, err)
@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ func TestTrackStats_MultipleRequests(t *testing.T) {
 	wrappedHandler := s.trackStats(handler)

 	// 执行多次请求
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		ctx := &fasthttp.RequestCtx{}
 		ctx.Init(&fasthttp.Request{}, nil, nil)
 		wrappedHandler(ctx)
@ -1508,7 +1508,7 @@ func TestServer_GetProxyCacheStats_AllProxiesWithCache(t *testing.T) {

 	// 创建多个带缓存的代理
 	proxies := make([]*proxy.Proxy, 3)
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		proxyCfg := &config.ProxyConfig{
 			Path:        fmt.Sprintf("/api%d", i),
 			LoadBalance: "round_robin",
@ -1552,7 +1552,7 @@ func TestServer_GetProxyCacheStats_AllProxiesNoCache(t *testing.T) {

 	// 创建多个不带缓存的代理
 	proxies := make([]*proxy.Proxy, 3)
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for i := range 3 {
 		proxyCfg := &config.ProxyConfig{
 			Path:        fmt.Sprintf("/api%d", i),
 			LoadBalance: "round_robin",
@ -2731,7 +2731,7 @@ func TestShutdownServers_RunningServers(t *testing.T) {
 	servers := make([]*fasthttp.Server, 2)
 	listeners := make([]net.Listener, 2)

-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for i := range 2 {
 		ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("failed to create listener: %v", err)
@ -2773,7 +2773,7 @@ func TestShutdownServers_ManyServers(t *testing.T) {
 	// 创建大量服务器
 	count := 50
 	servers := make([]*fasthttp.Server, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		servers[i] = &fasthttp.Server{
 			Handler: func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) { ctx.SetBodyString("test") },
 		}
@ -2792,7 +2792,7 @@ func TestShutdownServers_MixedNilAndRealServers(t *testing.T) {

 	count := 20
 	servers := make([]*fasthttp.Server, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		if i%2 == 0 {
 			servers[i] = nil
 		} else {
@ -2814,16 +2814,14 @@ func TestShutdownServers_ConcurrentSafety(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发调用 shutdownServers
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 10 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			servers := []*fasthttp.Server{
 				{Handler: func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) { ctx.SetBodyString("test") }},
 				{Handler: func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) { ctx.SetBodyString("test") }},
 			}
 			_ = shutdownServers(ctx, servers)
-		}()
+		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
--- a/internal/server/upgrade.go
+++ b/internal/server/upgrade.go
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (u *UpgradeManager) WritePid() error {
 	}

 	pid := os.Getpid()
-	return os.WriteFile(u.pidFile, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", pid)), 0o644)
+	return os.WriteFile(u.pidFile, fmt.Appendf(nil, "%d", pid), 0o644)
 }

 // ReadOldPid 读取旧进程 PID。
@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func (u *UpgradeManager) GracefulUpgrade(newBinary string) error {

 	// 写入新 PID 到文件
 	if u.pidFile != "" {
-		_ = os.WriteFile(u.pidFile, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("%d", newPid)), 0o644)
+		_ = os.WriteFile(u.pidFile, fmt.Appendf(nil, "%d", newPid), 0o644)
 	}

 	// 启动 goroutine 等待子进程结束，避免产生僵尸进程
--- a/internal/ssl/session_tickets_test.go
+++ b/internal/ssl/session_tickets_test.go
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func TestSessionTicketManager_KeyRetention(t *testing.T) {
 	defer mgr.Stop()

 	// 生成多个密钥
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for i := range 5 {
 		if err := mgr.RotateKey(); err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("RotateKey() failed at iteration %d: %v", i, err)
 		}
@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ func TestSessionTicketManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 协程 1: 持续获取密钥
 	go func() {
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			_ = mgr.GetKeys()
 			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
 		}
@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func TestSessionTicketManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 协程 2: 持续获取状态
 	go func() {
-		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		for range 100 {
 			_ = mgr.GetStatus()
 			time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
 		}
@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ func TestSessionTicketManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {

 	// 协程 3: 手动轮换
 	go func() {
-		for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
+		for range 20 {
 			_ = mgr.RotateKey()
 			time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
 		}
@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ func TestSessionTicketManager_ConcurrentAccess(t *testing.T) {
 	}()

 	// 等待所有协程完成
-	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+	for range 3 {
 		<-done
 	}

@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ func BenchmarkSessionTicketManager_GetKeys(b *testing.B) {
 	defer mgr.Stop()

 	// 预生成多个密钥
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for range 2 {
 		_ = mgr.RotateKey()
 	}

--- a/internal/ssl/ssl.go
+++ b/internal/ssl/ssl.go
@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ func matchMarker(data []byte, marker []byte) bool {
 	if len(data) < len(marker) {
 		return false
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < len(marker); i++ {
+	for i := range marker {
 		if data[i] != marker[i] {
 			return false
 		}
--- a/internal/ssl/ssl_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/ssl/ssl_bench_test.go
@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ func BenchmarkOCSPStapling_GetStatus(b *testing.B) {
 	defer ocspMgr.Stop()

 	// 注册一些模拟状态
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for i := range 10 {
 		serial := string(rune('0' + i))
 		ocspMgr.mu.Lock()
 		ocspMgr.responses[serial] = &ocspResponse{
@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ func BenchmarkSessionResumption(b *testing.B) {
 	defer sessionMgr.Stop()

 	// 预热密钥轮换
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for range 2 {
 		_ = sessionMgr.RotateKey()
 	}

@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ func BenchmarkSessionTicketManager_ApplyToTLSConfig(b *testing.B) {
 	}
 	defer sessionMgr.Stop()

-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for range 2 {
 		_ = sessionMgr.RotateKey()
 	}

--- a/internal/sslutil/certpool_test.go
+++ b/internal/sslutil/certpool_test.go
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func generateMultipleCerts(t *testing.T, count int) []byte {
 	t.Helper()

 	var pemData []byte
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+	for i := range count {
 		priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to generate private key: %v", err)
--- a/internal/stream/stream.go
+++ b/internal/stream/stream.go
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type Balancer interface {
 // 使用原子计数器实现线程安全的轮询选择，每次选择后计数器递增，
 // 确保请求均匀分布到所有健康目标。
 type roundRobin struct {
-	counter     uint64
+	counter     atomic.Uint64
 	healthyPool sync.Pool
 }

@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (r *roundRobin) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 		r.healthyPool.Put(healthyPtr)
 		return nil
 	}
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&r.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := r.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	result := healthy[idx%uint64(len(healthy))]
 	r.healthyPool.Put(healthyPtr)
 	return result
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func (l *leastConn) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 // 根据目标服务器的权重分配请求，权重高的目标获得更多请求。
 // 使用原子计数器确保线程安全，支持不同权重的目标混合使用。
 type weightedRoundRobin struct {
-	counter     uint64
+	counter     atomic.Uint64
 	healthyPool sync.Pool
 }

@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func (w *weightedRoundRobin) Select(targets []*Target) *Target {
 	}

 	// 使用原子计数器确定位置
-	idx := atomic.AddUint64(&w.counter, 1) - 1
+	idx := w.counter.Add(1) - 1
 	pos := int(idx % uint64(totalWeight))

 	// 找到对应位置的目标
--- a/internal/stream/stream_bench_test.go
+++ b/internal/stream/stream_bench_test.go
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func BenchmarkStreamFilterHealthyPreallocated(b *testing.B) {

 	// 创建目标列表
 	targets := make([]*Target, targetCount)
-	for i := 0; i < targetCount; i++ {
+	for i := range targetCount {
 		targets[i] = &Target{
 			addr:   fmt.Sprintf("backend%d:8080", i),
 			weight: 1,
@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func BenchmarkUDPSessionAllocations(b *testing.B) {
 			var pool *sync.Pool
 			if tc.poolSize > 0 {
 				pool = &sync.Pool{
-					New: func() interface{} {
+					New: func() any {
 						return make([]byte, tc.bufSize)
 					},
 				}
@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func BenchmarkUDPSessionGetOrCreate(b *testing.B) {

 	// 预创建一些客户端地址
 	clientAddrs := make([]*net.UDPAddr, 100)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		clientAddrs[i], _ = net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", 20000+i))
 	}

@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func BenchmarkUDPSessionGetOnly(b *testing.B) {

 	// 预创建会话
 	clientAddrs := make([]*net.UDPAddr, 100)
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+	for i := range 100 {
 		clientAddrs[i], _ = net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", 30000+i))
 		// 手动创建会话
 		targetAddr, _ := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp", upstream.targets[0].addr)
--- a/internal/stream/stream_coverage_test.go
+++ b/internal/stream/stream_coverage_test.go
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobinZeroWeight(t *testing.T) {
 	wrr := newWeightedRoundRobin().(*weightedRoundRobin)

 	// 权重为 0 或负数应视为权重 1
-	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+	for range 4 {
 		selected := wrr.Select(targets)
 		if selected == nil {
 			t.Error("Select() should return target with zero/negative weight")
--- a/internal/stream/stream_test.go
+++ b/internal/stream/stream_test.go
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestRoundRobinBalancer(t *testing.T) {

 	// 测试轮询
 	results := make(map[string]int)
-	for i := 0; i < 6; i++ {
+	for range 6 {
 		selected := rr.Select(targets)
 		if selected == nil {
 			t.Error("Expected non-nil target")
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func TestWeightedRoundRobinBalancer(t *testing.T) {

 	// 测试加权分布：3:1 比例
 	results := make(map[string]int)
-	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+	for range 8 {
 		selected := wrr.Select(targets)
 		if selected == nil {
 			t.Error("Expected non-nil target")
@ -306,12 +306,10 @@ func TestConcurrentConnections(t *testing.T) {

 	// 并发增加连接数
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
-	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
-		wg.Add(1)
-		go func() {
-			defer wg.Done()
+	for range 100 {
+		wg.Go(func() {
 			atomic.AddInt64(&s.connCount, 1)
-		}()
+		})
 	}
 	wg.Wait()

@ -498,7 +496,7 @@ func TestRoundRobinBalancerWithSingleTarget(t *testing.T) {
 	targets[0].healthy.Store(true)

 	// 测试单个健康目标
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		target := rb.Select(targets)
 		if target == nil {
 			t.Error("Expected non-nil target")
--- a/internal/variable/integration_test.go
+++ b/internal/variable/integration_test.go
@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func TestVariableExpansionPerformance(t *testing.T) {
 	// 执行多次展开
 	start := time.Now()
 	iterations := 10000
-	for i := 0; i < iterations; i++ {
+	for range iterations {
 		_ = vc.Expand(template)
 	}
 	elapsed := time.Since(start)
--- a/internal/variable/ssl_test.go
+++ b/internal/variable/ssl_test.go
@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ func TestSetSSLClientInfoInContext_WithPeerCert(t *testing.T) {
 		Raw:            make([]byte, 25), // 模拟原始数据（25字节）
 	}
 	// 填充可预测的原始数据
-	for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
+	for i := range 25 {
 		cert.Raw[i] = byte(i + 1)
 	}

@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func TestSetSSLClientInfoInContext_WithPeerCert(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name     string
 		key      string
-		expected interface{}
+		expected any
 	}{
 		{"verify", VarSSLClientVerify, "SUCCESS"},
 		{"peer_cert_present", "tls_peer_cert_present", true},
--- a/internal/variable/variable.go
+++ b/internal/variable/variable.go
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ type Context struct {

 // pool 用于复用 Context
 var pool = sync.Pool{
-	New: func() interface{} {
+	New: func() any {
 		return &Context{
 			store:      make(map[string]string),
 			cache:      make(map[string]string),
--- a/internal/variable/variable_test.go
+++ b/internal/variable/variable_test.go
@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 package variable

 import (
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"

@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ func TestPoolReuse(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx := mockRequestCtx(t)

 	// 获取和释放多个 context，确保没有 panic
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for i := range 10 {
 		vc := NewContext(ctx)
 		vc.Set("key", "value")
 		if v, ok := vc.Get("key"); !ok || v != "value" {
@ -813,12 +814,7 @@ func TestBuiltinVarNames(t *testing.T) {

 	// 检查是否包含一些已知变量
 	hasVar := func(name string) bool {
-		for _, n := range names {
-			if n == name {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return false
+		return slices.Contains(names, name)
 	}

 	if !hasVar("host") {
@ -1109,9 +1105,9 @@ func TestGlobalVariablesConcurrent(_ *testing.T) {
 	done := make(chan bool)

 	// 并发读取
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+	for range 10 {
 		go func() {
-			for j := 0; j < 100; j++ {
+			for range 100 {
 				_, _ = GetGlobalVariable("counter")
 			}
 			done <- true
@ -1119,9 +1115,9 @@ func TestGlobalVariablesConcurrent(_ *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// 并发写入
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+	for range 5 {
 		go func() {
-			for j := 0; j < 50; j++ {
+			for range 50 {
 				SetGlobalVariables(map[string]string{"counter": "updated"})
 			}
 			done <- true
@ -1129,7 +1125,7 @@ func TestGlobalVariablesConcurrent(_ *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// 等待所有 goroutine 完成
-	for i := 0; i < 15; i++ {
+	for range 15 {
 		<-done
 	}
 }