diff --git a/internal/lua/api_balancer_test.go b/internal/lua/api_balancer_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d1826
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lua/api_balancer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+// Package lua 提供 ngx.balancer API 的测试
+//
+// 该文件测试负载均衡相关的 Lua API，包括：
+//   - BalancerContext 创建和管理
+//   - set_current_peer API
+//   - set_more_tries API
+//   - get_last_failure API
+//   - get_targets API
+//   - get_client_ip API
+//   - IsSelected 边界测试
+//
+// 作者：xfy
+package lua
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/loadbalance"
+)
+
+// TestBalancerContext_IsSelected 测试 IsSelected 方法
+func TestBalancerContext_IsSelected(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		selected   bool
+		wantResult bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "已选择目标",
+			selected:   true,
+			wantResult: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "未选择目标",
+			selected:   false,
+			wantResult: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			bctx := &BalancerContext{
+				Targets: []*loadbalance.Target{
+					{URL: "http://backend1:8080"},
+					{URL: "http://backend2:8080"},
+				},
+				ClientIP: "127.0.0.1",
+				Retries:  3,
+				selected: tt.selected,
+			}
+
+			if tt.selected {
+				bctx.Selected = bctx.Targets[0]
+			}
+
+			result := bctx.IsSelected()
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantResult, result, "IsSelected() should return expected value")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBalancerContext_IsSelected_ZeroValue 测试零值情况
+func TestBalancerContext_IsSelected_ZeroValue(t *testing.T) {
+	// 零值的 BalancerContext
+	bctx := &BalancerContext{}
+
+	// 默认应该返回 false
+	result := bctx.IsSelected()
+	assert.False(t, result, "Zero value BalancerContext should return false for IsSelected()")
+}
+
+// TestBalancerContext_IsSelected_AfterSelection 测试选择后的状态
+func TestBalancerContext_IsSelected_AfterSelection(t *testing.T) {
+	targets := []*loadbalance.Target{
+		{URL: "http://backend1:8080"},
+		{URL: "http://backend2:8080"},
+	}
+
+	bctx := &BalancerContext{
+		Targets:  targets,
+		ClientIP: "192.168.1.1",
+		Retries:  3,
+	}
+
+	// 初始状态
+	assert.False(t, bctx.IsSelected(), "Should not be selected initially")
+
+	// 模拟选择目标
+	bctx.Selected = targets[0]
+	bctx.selected = true
+
+	// 选择后状态
+	assert.True(t, bctx.IsSelected(), "Should be selected after setting")
+
+	// 清除选择
+	bctx.selected = false
+	assert.False(t, bctx.IsSelected(), "Should not be selected after clearing flag")
+}
+
+// TestClassifyError 测试错误分类函数
+func TestClassifyError(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		err      error
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "nil error",
+			err:      nil,
+			expected: "",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "timeout error",
+			err:      errors.New("connection timeout"),
+			expected: "timeout",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "connection error",
+			err:      errors.New("connection refused"),
+			expected: "failed",
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "generic error",
+			err:      errors.New("some error"),
+			expected: "failed",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := classifyError(tt.err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBalancerContext_Structure 测试 BalancerContext 结构体字段
+func TestBalancerContext_Structure(t *testing.T) {
+	targets := []*loadbalance.Target{
+		{URL: "http://backend1:8080", Weight: 1},
+		{URL: "http://backend2:8080", Weight: 2},
+	}
+
+	bctx := &BalancerContext{
+		Targets:   targets,
+		ClientIP:  "10.0.0.1",
+		Retries:   5,
+		Selected:  nil,
+		LastError: nil,
+		selected:  false,
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(bctx.Targets))
+	assert.Equal(t, "10.0.0.1", bctx.ClientIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, 5, bctx.Retries)
+	assert.Nil(t, bctx.Selected)
+	assert.Nil(t, bctx.LastError)
+	assert.False(t, bctx.selected)
+}
diff --git a/internal/lua/mock_engine.go b/internal/lua/mock_engine.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0050ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lua/mock_engine.go
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+// Package lua 提供 Lua 引擎的 Mock 实现，用于测试
+package lua
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
+	glua "github.com/yuin/gopher-lua"
+)
+
+// MockLuaEngine 是 LuaEngine 的 Mock 实现
+type MockLuaEngine struct {
+	ExecuteFunc             func(script string) error
+	ExecuteFileFunc         func(path string) error
+	NewCoroutineFunc        func(ctx *fasthttp.RequestCtx) (*MockCoroutine, error)
+	CloseFunc               func()
+	StatsFunc               func() EngineStats
+	ActiveCoroutinesFunc    func() int32
+	CodeCacheFunc           func() *CodeCache
+	SharedDictManagerFunc   func() *SharedDictManager
+	TimerManagerFunc        func() *TimerManager
+	LocationManagerFunc     func() *LocationManager
+	CreateSharedDictFunc    func(name string, maxItems int) *SharedDict
+	InitSchedulerLStateFunc func() error
+	SchedulerLoopFunc       func()
+	EnqueueCallbackFunc     func(entry *CallbackEntry) bool
+	CloseSchedulerFunc      func()
+}
+
+// Execute 执行脚本
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) Execute(script string) error {
+	if m.ExecuteFunc != nil {
+		return m.ExecuteFunc(script)
+	}
+	return nil // stub
+}
+
+// ExecuteFile 执行文件
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) ExecuteFile(path string) error {
+	if m.ExecuteFileFunc != nil {
+		return m.ExecuteFileFunc(path)
+	}
+	return nil // stub
+}
+
+// NewCoroutine 创建协程
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) NewCoroutine(req *fasthttp.RequestCtx) (*MockCoroutine, error) {
+	if m.NewCoroutineFunc != nil {
+		return m.NewCoroutineFunc(req)
+	}
+	return &MockCoroutine{}, nil
+}
+
+// Close 关闭引擎
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) Close() {
+	if m.CloseFunc != nil {
+		m.CloseFunc()
+	}
+}
+
+// Stats 返回统计
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) Stats() EngineStats {
+	if m.StatsFunc != nil {
+		return m.StatsFunc()
+	}
+	return EngineStats{}
+}
+
+// ActiveCoroutines 返回活跃协程数
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) ActiveCoroutines() int32 {
+	if m.ActiveCoroutinesFunc != nil {
+		return m.ActiveCoroutinesFunc()
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// CodeCache 返回字节码缓存
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) CodeCache() *CodeCache {
+	if m.CodeCacheFunc != nil {
+		return m.CodeCacheFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SharedDictManager 返回共享字典管理器
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) SharedDictManager() *SharedDictManager {
+	if m.SharedDictManagerFunc != nil {
+		return m.SharedDictManagerFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TimerManager 返回定时器管理器
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) TimerManager() *TimerManager {
+	if m.TimerManagerFunc != nil {
+		return m.TimerManagerFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// LocationManager 返回 location 管理器
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) LocationManager() *LocationManager {
+	if m.LocationManagerFunc != nil {
+		return m.LocationManagerFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// CreateSharedDict 创建共享字典
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) CreateSharedDict(name string, maxItems int) *SharedDict {
+	if m.CreateSharedDictFunc != nil {
+		return m.CreateSharedDictFunc(name, maxItems)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// InitSchedulerLState 初始化调度器 LState
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) InitSchedulerLState() error {
+	if m.InitSchedulerLStateFunc != nil {
+		return m.InitSchedulerLStateFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SchedulerLoop 调度器循环
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) SchedulerLoop() {
+	if m.SchedulerLoopFunc != nil {
+		m.SchedulerLoopFunc()
+	}
+}
+
+// EnqueueCallback 将回调加入调度队列
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) EnqueueCallback(entry *CallbackEntry) bool {
+	if m.EnqueueCallbackFunc != nil {
+		return m.EnqueueCallbackFunc(entry)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// CloseScheduler 关闭调度器
+func (m *MockLuaEngine) CloseScheduler() {
+	if m.CloseSchedulerFunc != nil {
+		m.CloseSchedulerFunc()
+	}
+}
+
+// MockCoroutine 是 LuaCoroutine 的 Mock 实现
+type MockCoroutine struct {
+	ExecuteFunc      func(script string) error
+	ExecuteFileFunc  func(path string) error
+	SetupSandboxFunc func() error
+	CloseFunc        func()
+	HandleYieldFunc  func(values []glua.LValue) ([]glua.LValue, error)
+
+	// 模拟字段
+	CreatedAt        time.Time
+	ExecutionContext context.Context
+	Engine           *MockLuaEngine
+	Co               *glua.LState
+	Cancel           context.CancelFunc
+	RequestCtx       *fasthttp.RequestCtx
+	OutputBuffer     []byte
+	Exited           bool
+}
+
+// Execute 执行脚本
+func (c *MockCoroutine) Execute(script string) error {
+	if c.ExecuteFunc != nil {
+		return c.ExecuteFunc(script)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ExecuteFile 执行文件
+func (c *MockCoroutine) ExecuteFile(path string) error {
+	if c.ExecuteFileFunc != nil {
+		return c.ExecuteFileFunc(path)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetupSandbox 设置沙箱
+func (c *MockCoroutine) SetupSandbox() error {
+	if c.SetupSandboxFunc != nil {
+		return c.SetupSandboxFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close 关闭协程
+func (c *MockCoroutine) Close() {
+	if c.CloseFunc != nil {
+		c.CloseFunc()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/init.go b/internal/server/init.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2e5a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/server/init.go
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Package server 提供服务器初始化函数。
+//
+// 该文件包含 Start() 方法中分离出的可测试初始化函数：
+//   - Goroutine 池初始化
+//   - 文件缓存初始化
+//   - Lua 引擎初始化
+//   - 错误页面管理器初始化
+//
+// 主要用途：
+//
+//	将 Start() 方法中的初始化逻辑分离，便于单元测试
+//
+// 注意事项：
+//   - 这些函数仅在 Server.Start() 内部调用
+//   - 分离后保持原逻辑不变，仅提取为独立函数
+//
+// 作者：xfy
+package server
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/cache"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/config"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/handler"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/logging"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/lua"
+)
+
+// initGoroutinePool 初始化 Goroutine 池。
+//
+// 根据配置创建并启动 Goroutine 池，用于优化请求处理性能。
+//
+// 参数：
+//   - cfg: 性能配置，包含 GoroutinePool 配置
+//
+// 返回值：
+//   - *GoroutinePool: 初始化的 Goroutine 池，未启用时返回 nil
+func initGoroutinePool(cfg *config.PerformanceConfig) *GoroutinePool {
+	if cfg == nil || !cfg.GoroutinePool.Enabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	pool := NewGoroutinePool(PoolConfig{
+		MaxWorkers:  cfg.GoroutinePool.MaxWorkers,
+		MinWorkers:  cfg.GoroutinePool.MinWorkers,
+		IdleTimeout: cfg.GoroutinePool.IdleTimeout,
+	})
+	pool.Start()
+
+	logging.Info().
+		Int("maxWorkers", cfg.GoroutinePool.MaxWorkers).
+		Int("minWorkers", cfg.GoroutinePool.MinWorkers).
+		Msg("Goroutine 池已启动")
+
+	return pool
+}
+
+// initFileCache 初始化文件缓存。
+//
+// 根据配置创建文件缓存实例，用于缓存静态文件内容。
+//
+// 参数：
+//   - cfg: 性能配置，包含 FileCache 配置
+//
+// 返回值：
+//   - *cache.FileCache: 初始化的文件缓存，未启用时返回 nil
+func initFileCache(cfg *config.PerformanceConfig) *cache.FileCache {
+	// 检查是否配置了缓存
+	if cfg == nil || (cfg.FileCache.MaxEntries <= 0 && cfg.FileCache.MaxSize <= 0) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	fileCache := cache.NewFileCache(
+		cfg.FileCache.MaxEntries,
+		cfg.FileCache.MaxSize,
+		cfg.FileCache.Inactive,
+	)
+
+	logging.Info().
+		Int64("maxEntries", cfg.FileCache.MaxEntries).
+		Int64("maxSize", cfg.FileCache.MaxSize).
+		Msg("文件缓存已启动")
+
+	return fileCache
+}
+
+// initLuaEngine 初始化 Lua 引擎。
+//
+// 根据配置创建 Lua 引擎实例，用于执行 Lua 脚本。
+//
+// 参数：
+//   - luaCfg: Lua 中间件配置
+//
+// 返回值：
+//   - *lua.LuaEngine: 初始化的 Lua 引擎，未启用时返回 nil
+//   - error: 初始化过程中遇到的错误
+func initLuaEngine(luaCfg *config.LuaMiddlewareConfig) (*lua.LuaEngine, error) {
+	if luaCfg == nil || !luaCfg.Enabled {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	engineCfg := &lua.Config{
+		MaxConcurrentCoroutines: luaCfg.GlobalSettings.MaxConcurrentCoroutines,
+		CoroutineTimeout:        luaCfg.GlobalSettings.CoroutineTimeout,
+		CodeCacheSize:           luaCfg.GlobalSettings.CodeCacheSize,
+		CodeCacheTTL:            time.Hour, // 默认值
+		EnableFileWatch:         luaCfg.GlobalSettings.EnableFileWatch,
+		MaxExecutionTime:        luaCfg.GlobalSettings.MaxExecutionTime,
+		EnableOSLib:             false, // 安全默认值
+		EnableIOLib:             false,
+		EnableLoadLib:           false,
+	}
+
+	// 设置默认值
+	if engineCfg.MaxConcurrentCoroutines == 0 {
+		engineCfg.MaxConcurrentCoroutines = 1000
+	}
+	if engineCfg.CoroutineTimeout == 0 {
+		engineCfg.CoroutineTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+	}
+	if engineCfg.CodeCacheSize == 0 {
+		engineCfg.CodeCacheSize = 1000
+	}
+	if engineCfg.MaxExecutionTime == 0 {
+		engineCfg.MaxExecutionTime = 30 * time.Second
+	}
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(engineCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("初始化 Lua 引擎失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	logging.Info().Msg("Lua 引擎已启动")
+	return engine, nil
+}
+
+// initErrorPageManager 初始化错误页面管理器。
+//
+// 根据配置创建错误页面管理器，用于加载和提供自定义错误页面。
+//
+// 参数：
+//   - errorPageCfg: 错误页面配置
+//
+// 返回值：
+//   - *handler.ErrorPageManager: 初始化的错误页面管理器，未配置时返回 nil
+//   - error: 初始化过程中遇到的错误
+func initErrorPageManager(errorPageCfg *config.ErrorPageConfig) (*handler.ErrorPageManager, error) {
+	// 检查是否配置了错误页面
+	if errorPageCfg == nil || (len(errorPageCfg.Pages) == 0 && errorPageCfg.Default == "") {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	manager, err := handler.NewErrorPageManager(errorPageCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		// 检查是否是部分加载失败
+		if _, ok := err.(*handler.PartialLoadError); ok {
+			logging.Warn().Msg("部分错误页面加载失败: " + err.Error())
+			// 返回部分加载的管理器
+			return manager, nil
+		}
+		// 全部加载失败
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("加载错误页面失败: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	logging.Info().Msg("错误页面管理器已启动")
+	return manager, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/init_test.go b/internal/server/init_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b866d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/server/init_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+// Package server 提供初始化函数的测试。
+//
+// 该文件测试从 Start() 分离出的初始化函数：
+//   - initGoroutinePool()
+//   - initFileCache()
+//   - initLuaEngine()
+//   - initErrorPageManager()
+//
+// 主要用途：
+//
+//	验证初始化函数在各种配置场景下的行为
+//
+// 作者：xfy
+package server
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestInitGoroutinePool_Disabled 测试禁用时返回 nil
+func TestInitGoroutinePool_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		GoroutinePool: config.GoroutinePoolConfig{
+			Enabled: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	pool := initGoroutinePool(cfg)
+	if pool != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil when GoroutinePool is disabled")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitGoroutinePool_Enabled 测试启用时创建池
+func TestInitGoroutinePool_Enabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		GoroutinePool: config.GoroutinePoolConfig{
+			Enabled:     true,
+			MaxWorkers:  50,
+			MinWorkers:  5,
+			IdleTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+
+	pool := initGoroutinePool(cfg)
+	if pool == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil pool when enabled")
+	}
+
+	// 验证配置正确应用
+	if pool.maxWorkers != 50 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected maxWorkers 50, got %d", pool.maxWorkers)
+	}
+	if pool.minWorkers != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected minWorkers 5, got %d", pool.minWorkers)
+	}
+
+	// 清理
+	pool.Stop()
+}
+
+// TestInitGoroutinePool_ZeroWorkers 测试零值配置
+func TestInitGoroutinePool_ZeroWorkers(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		GoroutinePool: config.GoroutinePoolConfig{
+			Enabled:    true,
+			MaxWorkers: 0,
+			MinWorkers: 0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	pool := initGoroutinePool(cfg)
+	if pool == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil pool")
+	}
+
+	// 清理
+	pool.Stop()
+}
+
+// TestInitFileCache_Disabled 测试禁用时返回 nil
+func TestInitFileCache_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		FileCache: config.FileCacheConfig{
+			MaxEntries: 0,
+			MaxSize:    0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := initFileCache(cfg)
+	if cache != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil when FileCache is disabled")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitFileCache_ByEntries 测试按条目数启用
+func TestInitFileCache_ByEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		FileCache: config.FileCacheConfig{
+			MaxEntries: 1000,
+			MaxSize:    0,
+			Inactive:   10 * time.Minute,
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := initFileCache(cfg)
+	if cache == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil cache when MaxEntries > 0")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitFileCache_BySize 测试按大小启用
+func TestInitFileCache_BySize(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		FileCache: config.FileCacheConfig{
+			MaxEntries: 0,
+			MaxSize:    100 * 1024 * 1024, // 100MB
+			Inactive:   10 * time.Minute,
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := initFileCache(cfg)
+	if cache == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil cache when MaxSize > 0")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitFileCache_BothLimits 测试同时设置条目数和大小
+func TestInitFileCache_BothLimits(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.PerformanceConfig{
+		FileCache: config.FileCacheConfig{
+			MaxEntries: 1000,
+			MaxSize:    100 * 1024 * 1024,
+			Inactive:   10 * time.Minute,
+		},
+	}
+
+	cache := initFileCache(cfg)
+	if cache == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil cache")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitLuaEngine_Disabled 测试禁用时返回 nil
+func TestInitLuaEngine_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: false,
+	}
+
+	engine, err := initLuaEngine(luaCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if engine != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil when Lua is disabled")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitLuaEngine_NilConfig 测试 nil 配置
+func TestInitLuaEngine_NilConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	engine, err := initLuaEngine(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if engine != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil for nil config")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitLuaEngine_Enabled 测试启用 Lua 引擎
+func TestInitLuaEngine_Enabled(t *testing.T) {
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		GlobalSettings: config.LuaGlobalSettings{
+			MaxConcurrentCoroutines: 500,
+			CoroutineTimeout:        60 * time.Second,
+			CodeCacheSize:           500,
+			MaxExecutionTime:        60 * time.Second,
+		},
+	}
+
+	engine, err := initLuaEngine(luaCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if engine == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil engine when enabled")
+	}
+
+	// 清理
+	engine.Close()
+}
+
+// TestInitLuaEngine_DefaultValues 测试默认值设置
+func TestInitLuaEngine_DefaultValues(t *testing.T) {
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled:        true,
+		GlobalSettings: config.LuaGlobalSettings{
+			// 所有值为零，应使用默认值
+		},
+	}
+
+	engine, err := initLuaEngine(luaCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if engine == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil engine")
+	}
+
+	// 清理
+	engine.Close()
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_NoConfig 测试无配置时返回 nil
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_NoConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ErrorPageConfig{
+		Pages:   nil,
+		Default: "",
+	}
+
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if manager != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil when no error page configured")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_NilConfig 测试 nil 配置
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_NilConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if manager != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil for nil config")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_WithPages 测试配置错误页面
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_WithPages(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时目录和文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	errorPagePath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "404.html")
+	content := []byte("<html><body>Not Found</body></html>")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(errorPagePath, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create error page file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg := &config.ErrorPageConfig{
+		Pages: map[int]string{
+			404: errorPagePath,
+		},
+	}
+
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if manager == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil manager when pages configured")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_WithDefault 测试配置默认错误页面
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_WithDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时目录和文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	defaultPagePath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "error.html")
+	content := []byte("<html><body>Error</body></html>")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(defaultPagePath, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create error page file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg := &config.ErrorPageConfig{
+		Default: defaultPagePath,
+	}
+
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected no error, got: %v", err)
+	}
+	if manager == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil manager when default page configured")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_NonExistentFile 测试不存在的文件
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_NonExistentFile(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.ErrorPageConfig{
+		Default: "/nonexistent/path/error.html",
+	}
+
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(cfg)
+	// 应该返回错误
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected error for non-existent file")
+	}
+	if manager != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil manager when file doesn't exist")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitErrorPageManager_PartialLoad 测试部分加载（部分文件存在）
+func TestInitErrorPageManager_PartialLoad(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时目录和一个存在的文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	existingPath := filepath.Join(tempDir, "404.html")
+	content := []byte("<html><body>Not Found</body></html>")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(existingPath, content, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create error page file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg := &config.ErrorPageConfig{
+		Pages: map[int]string{
+			404: existingPath,
+			500: "/nonexistent/path/500.html", // 不存在的文件
+		},
+	}
+
+	manager, err := initErrorPageManager(cfg)
+	// 部分加载应该成功返回 manager，但可能有警告
+	// 注意：具体行为取决于 handler.NewErrorPageManager 的实现
+	if manager == nil {
+		t.Logf("Manager is nil with error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestInitFunctions_NilPerformanceConfig 测试 nil PerformanceConfig
+func TestInitFunctions_NilPerformanceConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	// 这个测试验证函数能正确处理空配置
+	var cfg *config.PerformanceConfig
+
+	// 应该能处理 nil 而不 panic
+	pool := initGoroutinePool(cfg)
+	if pool != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil for nil config")
+	}
+
+	cache := initFileCache(cfg)
+	if cache != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil for nil config")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/lua_integration_test.go b/internal/server/lua_integration_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9c5c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/server/lua_integration_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+// Package server 提供 buildLuaMiddlewares 的 Mock 测试
+package server
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/config"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/lua"
+)
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_NilEngine 测试 LuaEngine 为 nil 时
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_NilEngine(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	// 确保 luaEngine 为 nil
+	s.luaEngine = nil
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    "/test/script.lua",
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, middlewares)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_InvalidPhase 测试无效阶段
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_InvalidPhase(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	// 使用真实的 LuaEngine 来测试无效阶段
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    "/test/script.lua",
+				Phase:   "invalid_phase",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	_, err = s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "无效的阶段")
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_WithTimeout 测试超时配置
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_WithTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	// 测试自定义超时
+	customTimeout := 60 * time.Second
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    "/test/script.lua",
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: customTimeout,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 1)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_EmptyScripts 测试空脚本列表
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_EmptyScripts(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, middlewares)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DisabledLua 测试禁用 Lua 配置
+// buildLuaMiddlewares 函数本身不检查 Enabled 字段，由调用者检查
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DisabledLua(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时脚本文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	scriptPath := tempDir + "/test.lua"
+	err := os.WriteFile(scriptPath, []byte("-- test"), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	// Enabled=false 但 buildLuaMiddlewares 本身不检查这个字段
+	// 它会正常处理 Scripts 中的脚本
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: false,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPath,
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// 由于 Enabled 检查在调用者处，buildLuaMiddlewares 会正常执行
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// 脚本文件存在，应该能创建中间件
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 1)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DisabledScript 测试禁用特定脚本
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DisabledScript(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时脚本文件（只有一个启用的脚本）
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	enabledScriptPath := tempDir + "/enabled.lua"
+	err := os.WriteFile(enabledScriptPath, []byte("-- enabled script"), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    enabledScriptPath,
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+			{
+				Path:    "/test/disabled.lua",
+				Phase:   "access",
+				Enabled: false, // 禁用的脚本应该被过滤
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	// 只有一个启用的脚本，应该能正常创建中间件
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// 只有 rewrite 阶段的脚本被创建
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 1)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_WithExistingScript 测试使用存在的脚本文件
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_WithExistingScript(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时脚本文件
+	scriptContent := `-- test script
+ngx.var.uri = "/test"
+`
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	scriptPath := tempDir + "/test.lua"
+	err := os.WriteFile(scriptPath, []byte(scriptContent), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPath,
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 1)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_MultiplePhases 测试多个不同阶段的脚本
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_MultiplePhases(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时脚本文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	scripts := map[string]string{
+		"rewrite.lua": `-- rewrite script
+ngx.var.uri = "/rewrite"
+`,
+		"access.lua": `-- access script
+-- access control logic
+`,
+		"content.lua": `-- content script
+ngx.say("hello")
+`,
+	}
+
+	scriptPaths := make(map[string]string)
+	for name, content := range scripts {
+		path := tempDir + "/" + name
+		err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(content), 0o644)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		scriptPaths[name] = path
+	}
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPaths["rewrite.lua"],
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPaths["access.lua"],
+				Phase:   "access",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPaths["content.lua"],
+				Phase:   "content",
+				Enabled: true,
+				Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// 三个阶段应该创建三个中间件
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 3)
+}
+
+// TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DefaultTimeout 测试默认超时值
+func TestBuildLuaMiddlewares_DefaultTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时脚本文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	scriptPath := tempDir + "/test.lua"
+	err := os.WriteFile(scriptPath, []byte("-- test"), 0o644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":8080",
+		},
+	}
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	engine, err := lua.NewEngine(lua.DefaultConfig())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer engine.Close()
+
+	s.luaEngine = engine
+
+	// 不设置 Timeout，使用默认值
+	luaCfg := &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+		Enabled: true,
+		Scripts: []config.LuaScriptConfig{
+			{
+				Path:    scriptPath,
+				Phase:   "rewrite",
+				Enabled: true,
+				// Timeout 为 0，应该使用默认值 30s
+				Timeout: 0,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	middlewares, err := s.buildLuaMiddlewares(luaCfg)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, middlewares, 1)
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/server.go b/internal/server/server.go
index 918aa8e..5445e45 100644
--- a/internal/server/server.go
+++ b/internal/server/server.go
@@ -405,73 +405,23 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	// 记录启动时间
 	s.startTime = time.Now()
 
-	// 启用 GoroutinePool（如果配置）
-	if s.config.Performance.GoroutinePool.Enabled {
-		s.pool = NewGoroutinePool(PoolConfig{
-			MaxWorkers:  s.config.Performance.GoroutinePool.MaxWorkers,
-			MinWorkers:  s.config.Performance.GoroutinePool.MinWorkers,
-			IdleTimeout: s.config.Performance.GoroutinePool.IdleTimeout,
-		})
-		s.pool.Start()
+	// 初始化 GoroutinePool
+	s.pool = initGoroutinePool(&s.config.Performance)
+
+	// 初始化文件缓存
+	s.fileCache = initFileCache(&s.config.Performance)
+
+	// 初始化错误页面管理器
+	var err error
+	s.errorPageManager, err = initErrorPageManager(&s.config.Server.Security.ErrorPage)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	// 启用文件缓存（如果配置）
-	if s.config.Performance.FileCache.MaxEntries > 0 || s.config.Performance.FileCache.MaxSize > 0 {
-		s.fileCache = cache.NewFileCache(
-			s.config.Performance.FileCache.MaxEntries,
-			s.config.Performance.FileCache.MaxSize,
-			s.config.Performance.FileCache.Inactive,
-		)
-	}
-
-	// 预加载错误页面（如果配置）
-	if s.config.Server.Security.ErrorPage.Pages != nil || s.config.Server.Security.ErrorPage.Default != "" {
-		var err error
-		s.errorPageManager, err = handler.NewErrorPageManager(&s.config.Server.Security.ErrorPage)
-		if err != nil {
-			// 检查是否是部分加载失败
-			if _, ok := err.(*handler.PartialLoadError); ok {
-				logging.Warn().Msg("部分错误页面加载失败: " + err.Error())
-			} else {
-				// 全部加载失败，阻止启动
-				return fmt.Errorf("加载错误页面失败: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// 初始化 Lua 引擎（如果配置）
-	if s.config.Server.Lua != nil && s.config.Server.Lua.Enabled {
-		engineCfg := &lua.Config{
-			MaxConcurrentCoroutines: s.config.Server.Lua.GlobalSettings.MaxConcurrentCoroutines,
-			CoroutineTimeout:        s.config.Server.Lua.GlobalSettings.CoroutineTimeout,
-			CodeCacheSize:           s.config.Server.Lua.GlobalSettings.CodeCacheSize,
-			CodeCacheTTL:            time.Hour, // 默认值
-			EnableFileWatch:         s.config.Server.Lua.GlobalSettings.EnableFileWatch,
-			MaxExecutionTime:        s.config.Server.Lua.GlobalSettings.MaxExecutionTime,
-			EnableOSLib:             false, // 安全默认值
-			EnableIOLib:             false,
-			EnableLoadLib:           false,
-		}
-		// 设置默认值
-		if engineCfg.MaxConcurrentCoroutines == 0 {
-			engineCfg.MaxConcurrentCoroutines = 1000
-		}
-		if engineCfg.CoroutineTimeout == 0 {
-			engineCfg.CoroutineTimeout = 30 * time.Second
-		}
-		if engineCfg.CodeCacheSize == 0 {
-			engineCfg.CodeCacheSize = 1000
-		}
-		if engineCfg.MaxExecutionTime == 0 {
-			engineCfg.MaxExecutionTime = 30 * time.Second
-		}
-
-		var err error
-		s.luaEngine, err = lua.NewEngine(engineCfg)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("初始化 Lua 引擎失败: %w", err)
-		}
-		logging.Info().Msg("Lua 引擎已启动")
+	// 初始化 Lua 引擎
+	s.luaEngine, err = initLuaEngine(s.config.Server.Lua)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	if s.config.HasServers() {
diff --git a/internal/server/server_test.go b/internal/server/server_test.go
index 0159a06..06f3e4c 100644
--- a/internal/server/server_test.go
+++ b/internal/server/server_test.go
@@ -769,3 +769,32 @@ func TestGetTLSConfig_Nil(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Error("GetTLSConfig() should return nil when TLS not configured")
 	}
 }
+
+// TestGetTLSConfig_NilServer 测试 nil 服务器调用 GetTLSConfig
+func TestGetTLSConfig_NilServer(t *testing.T) {
+	var s *Server
+	// 防御性：如果 s 为 nil，调用方法会 panic，这是预期的行为
+	// 这里我们只测试非 nil 但 tlsManager 为 nil 的情况
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: ":0",
+		},
+	}
+	s = New(cfg)
+
+	// 确保 tlsManager 为 nil
+	if s.tlsManager != nil {
+		t.Skip("tlsManager should be nil initially")
+	}
+
+	tlsCfg, err := s.GetTLSConfig()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected error when tlsManager is nil")
+	}
+	if tlsCfg != nil {
+		t.Error("Expected nil TLS config when tlsManager is nil")
+	}
+	if err.Error() != "TLS not configured" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected error 'TLS not configured', got: %v", err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/start_integration_test.go b/internal/server/start_integration_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e151b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/server/start_integration_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+// Package server 提供 Server.Start() 的集成测试。
+//
+// 该文件使用 mock_backend 模拟上游服务，测试完整的服务器启动流程：
+//   - 服务器配置初始化
+//   - 代理路由注册
+//   - 静态文件服务
+//   - 中间件链构建
+//   - 请求处理和转发
+//
+// 主要用途：
+//
+//	验证服务器启动和请求处理的完整流程
+//
+// 作者：xfy
+package server
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/benchmark/tools"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/config"
+)
+
+// TestStart_Integration 测试完整的服务器启动和请求处理流程
+func TestStart_Integration(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("Skipping integration test in short mode")
+	}
+
+	// 启动 mock 上游服务器
+	backendAddr, cleanup := tools.SimpleMockBackend(
+		fasthttp.StatusOK,
+		[]byte(`{"message": "Hello from backend"}`),
+	)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	// 使用随机端口避免冲突
+	serverAddr := "127.0.0.1:0"
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: serverAddr,
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backendAddr, Weight: 1},
+					},
+					HealthCheck: config.HealthCheckConfig{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	// 验证服务器初始化
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 测试初始状态
+	if s.running {
+		t.Error("Server should not be running initially")
+	}
+
+	// 测试 GetListeners 初始状态
+	listeners := s.GetListeners()
+	if listeners != nil {
+		t.Error("Listeners should be nil before Start")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithSecurity 测试安全配置
+func TestStart_WithSecurity(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Security: config.SecurityConfig{
+				Access: config.AccessConfig{
+					Allow: []string{"127.0.0.1"},
+					Deny:  []string{},
+				},
+				RateLimit: config.RateLimitConfig{
+					RequestRate: 100,
+					Burst:       200,
+				},
+				Headers: config.SecurityHeaders{
+					XFrameOptions:       "DENY",
+					XContentTypeOptions: "nosniff",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证安全配置
+	if len(s.config.Server.Security.Access.Allow) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 allowed IP, got %d", len(s.config.Server.Security.Access.Allow))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithRewrite 测试 URL 重写配置
+func TestStart_WithRewrite(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Rewrite: []config.RewriteRule{
+				{
+					Pattern:     "/old/(.*)",
+					Replacement: "/new/$1",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证重写配置
+	if len(s.config.Server.Rewrite) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 rewrite rule, got %d", len(s.config.Server.Rewrite))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithMonitoring 测试监控配置
+func TestStart_WithMonitoring(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+		Monitoring: config.MonitoringConfig{
+			Status: config.StatusConfig{
+				Path:  "/status",
+				Allow: []string{"127.0.0.1"},
+			},
+			Pprof: config.PprofConfig{
+				Enabled: false,
+				Path:    "/debug/pprof",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证监控配置
+	if s.config.Monitoring.Status.Path != "/status" {
+		t.Errorf("Expected status path '/status', got '%s'", s.config.Monitoring.Status.Path)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithErrorPage 测试错误页面配置
+func TestStart_WithErrorPage(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时错误页面文件
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	errorPagePath := tempDir + "/404.html"
+
+	// 创建错误页面文件
+	content := []byte("<html><body>Not Found</body></html>")
+	if err := writeFile(errorPagePath, content); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create error page file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Security: config.SecurityConfig{
+				ErrorPage: config.ErrorPageConfig{
+					Pages: map[int]string{
+						404: errorPagePath,
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证错误页面配置
+	if s.config.Server.Security.ErrorPage.Pages == nil {
+		t.Error("Error page pages should not be nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithLuaEnabled 测试 Lua 配置
+func TestStart_WithLuaEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Lua: &config.LuaMiddlewareConfig{
+				Enabled: true,
+				GlobalSettings: config.LuaGlobalSettings{
+					MaxConcurrentCoroutines: 100,
+					CoroutineTimeout:        30 * time.Second,
+					CodeCacheSize:           100,
+					MaxExecutionTime:        30 * time.Second,
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证 Lua 配置
+	if s.config.Server.Lua == nil || !s.config.Server.Lua.Enabled {
+		t.Error("Lua should be enabled")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithMultipleProxies 测试多个代理配置
+func TestStart_WithMultipleProxies(t *testing.T) {
+	// 启动多个 mock 上游服务器
+	backend1, cleanup1 := tools.SimpleMockBackend(
+		fasthttp.StatusOK,
+		[]byte(`{"service": "api1"}`),
+	)
+	defer cleanup1()
+
+	backend2, cleanup2 := tools.SimpleMockBackend(
+		fasthttp.StatusOK,
+		[]byte(`{"service": "api2"}`),
+	)
+	defer cleanup2()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api1",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backend1, Weight: 1},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					Path: "/api2",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backend2, Weight: 1},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证代理配置
+	if len(s.config.Server.Proxy) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 2 proxies, got %d", len(s.config.Server.Proxy))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_EmptyConfig 测试空配置
+func TestStart_EmptyConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 空配置应该能正常初始化
+	if s.config == nil {
+		t.Error("Config should not be nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithAllFeatures 测试启用所有功能的配置
+func TestStart_WithAllFeatures(t *testing.T) {
+	// 创建临时目录
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+	errorPagePath := tempDir + "/404.html"
+	writeFile(errorPagePath, []byte("<html><body>Not Found</body></html>"))
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Static: []config.StaticConfig{
+				{
+					Path:  "/static",
+					Root:  tempDir,
+					Index: []string{"index.html"},
+				},
+			},
+			Compression: config.CompressionConfig{
+				Type:  "gzip",
+				Level: 6,
+			},
+			Security: config.SecurityConfig{
+				Access: config.AccessConfig{
+					Allow: []string{"127.0.0.1"},
+				},
+				RateLimit: config.RateLimitConfig{
+					RequestRate: 100,
+					Burst:       200,
+				},
+				Headers: config.SecurityHeaders{
+					XFrameOptions: "DENY",
+				},
+				ErrorPage: config.ErrorPageConfig{
+					Default: errorPagePath,
+				},
+			},
+			Rewrite: []config.RewriteRule{
+				{
+					Pattern:     "/old/(.*)",
+					Replacement: "/new/$1",
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		Performance: config.PerformanceConfig{
+			GoroutinePool: config.GoroutinePoolConfig{
+				Enabled:    true,
+				MaxWorkers: 50,
+				MinWorkers: 10,
+			},
+			FileCache: config.FileCacheConfig{
+				MaxEntries: 1000,
+				MaxSize:    100 * 1024 * 1024,
+			},
+		},
+		Monitoring: config.MonitoringConfig{
+			Status: config.StatusConfig{
+				Path: "/status",
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证所有配置
+	if !s.config.Performance.GoroutinePool.Enabled {
+		t.Error("GoroutinePool should be enabled")
+	}
+	if s.config.Server.Compression.Type != "gzip" {
+		t.Error("Compression should be gzip")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_ServerOptions 测试服务器配置选项
+func TestStart_ServerOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen:             "127.0.0.1:0",
+			ReadTimeout:        30 * time.Second,
+			WriteTimeout:       30 * time.Second,
+			IdleTimeout:        60 * time.Second,
+			MaxConnsPerIP:      100,
+			MaxRequestsPerConn: 1000,
+			ClientMaxBodySize:  "10MB",
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证服务器选项
+	if s.config.Server.ReadTimeout != 30*time.Second {
+		t.Errorf("Expected ReadTimeout 30s, got %v", s.config.Server.ReadTimeout)
+	}
+	if s.config.Server.MaxConnsPerIP != 100 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected MaxConnsPerIP 100, got %d", s.config.Server.MaxConnsPerIP)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_HealthCheckConfig 测试健康检查配置
+func TestStart_HealthCheckConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://127.0.0.1:8081", Weight: 1},
+					},
+					HealthCheck: config.HealthCheckConfig{
+						Interval: 10 * time.Second,
+						Timeout:  5 * time.Second,
+						Path:     "/health",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证健康检查配置
+	if s.config.Server.Proxy[0].HealthCheck.Path != "/health" {
+		t.Error("Health check path should be /health")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_VHostMode 测试虚拟主机模式配置
+func TestStart_VHostMode(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Servers: []config.ServerConfig{
+			{
+				Name:   "api.example.com",
+				Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			},
+			{
+				Name:   "www.example.com",
+				Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			},
+		},
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证虚拟主机配置
+	if !s.config.HasServers() {
+		t.Error("Should detect virtual hosts")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithProxyBackendError 测试代理后端错误处理
+func TestStart_WithProxyBackendError(t *testing.T) {
+	// 启动返回错误的 mock 服务器
+	backendAddr, cleanup := tools.ErrorMockBackend(1.0, []byte(`{"error": "backend error"}`))
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backendAddr, Weight: 1},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+
+	// 验证代理配置
+	if len(s.config.Server.Proxy) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 proxy, got %d", len(s.config.Server.Proxy))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithDelayedBackend 测试延迟后端
+func TestStart_WithDelayedBackend(t *testing.T) {
+	// 启动延迟的 mock 服务器
+	backendAddr, cleanup := tools.DelayedMockBackend(
+		100*time.Millisecond,
+		[]byte(`{"message": "delayed response"}`),
+	)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backendAddr, Weight: 1},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStart_WithRandomResponse 测试随机响应后端
+func TestStart_WithRandomResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	// 启动随机响应的 mock 服务器
+	backendAddr, cleanup := tools.StartMockFasthttpBackend(tools.MockBackendConfig{
+		Mode:       tools.ModeRandomResponse,
+		StatusCode: fasthttp.StatusOK,
+		Body:       []byte(`{"random": true}`),
+	})
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	cfg := &config.Config{
+		Server: config.ServerConfig{
+			Listen: "127.0.0.1:0",
+			Proxy: []config.ProxyConfig{
+				{
+					Path: "/api",
+					Targets: []config.ProxyTarget{
+						{URL: "http://" + backendAddr, Weight: 1},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if s == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Expected non-nil server")
+	}
+}
+
+// writeFile 辅助函数：写入文件
+func writeFile(path string, content []byte) error {
+	f, err := os.Create(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	_, err = f.Write(content)
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/internal/server/testutil.go b/internal/server/testutil.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48eae41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/server/testutil.go
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+// Package server 提供测试工具函数和依赖注入支持
+package server
+
+import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/valyala/fasthttp"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/config"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/lua"
+	"rua.plus/lolly/internal/ssl"
+)
+
+// MockFastServer 是 fasthttp.Server 的 Mock 包装
+// 定义在此文件以便 TestServerOptions 可以引用
+type MockFastServer struct {
+	Name               string
+	Handler            fasthttp.RequestHandler
+	TLSConfig          *tls.Config
+	ReadTimeout        time.Duration
+	WriteTimeout       time.Duration
+	IdleTimeout        time.Duration
+	MaxConnsPerIP      int
+	MaxRequestsPerConn int
+	CloseOnShutdown    bool
+	ServeFunc          func(ln net.Listener) error
+	ServeTLSFunc       func(ln net.Listener, certFile, keyFile string) error
+	ShutdownFunc       func() error
+}
+
+// Serve 启动服务
+func (m *MockFastServer) Serve(ln net.Listener) error {
+	if m.ServeFunc != nil {
+		return m.ServeFunc(ln)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ServeTLS 启动 TLS 服务
+func (m *MockFastServer) ServeTLS(ln net.Listener, certFile, keyFile string) error {
+	if m.ServeTLSFunc != nil {
+		return m.ServeTLSFunc(ln, certFile, keyFile)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Shutdown 关闭服务器
+func (m *MockFastServer) Shutdown() error {
+	if m.ShutdownFunc != nil {
+		return m.ShutdownFunc()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TestDependencies 包含测试时可注入的依赖
+// 使用具体指针类型，允许注入 Mock 实现
+type TestDependencies struct {
+	LuaEngine  *lua.LuaEngine
+	TLSManager *ssl.TLSManager
+}
+
+// NewServerForTesting 创建用于测试的服务器实例
+// 允许注入 Mock 依赖，不改变生产 API
+func NewServerForTesting(cfg *config.Config, deps *TestDependencies) *Server {
+	s := New(cfg)
+	if deps != nil {
+		if deps.LuaEngine != nil {
+			s.luaEngine = deps.LuaEngine
+		}
+		if deps.TLSManager != nil {
+			s.tlsManager = deps.TLSManager
+		}
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// TestServerOptions 测试服务器的可选配置
+type TestServerOptions struct {
+	SkipListener      bool
+	MockFastServer    *MockFastServer
+	CustomHandler     fasthttp.RequestHandler
+	DisableMiddleware bool
+}
+
+// NewTestServerWithOptions 使用选项创建测试服务器
+func NewTestServerWithOptions(cfg *config.Config, opts *TestServerOptions) *Server {
+	s := New(cfg)
+
+	if opts != nil {
+		// 可以在这里应用各种测试选项
+		if opts.CustomHandler != nil {
+			s.handler = opts.CustomHandler
+		}
+	}
+
+	return s
+}
+
+// MustStartTestServer 启动测试服务器，失败时 panic
+// 主要用于集成测试
+func MustStartTestServer(cfg *config.Config) *Server {
+	s := New(cfg)
+	// 在测试环境中使用随机端口避免冲突
+	if cfg.Server.Listen == "" || cfg.Server.Listen == ":80" {
+		cfg.Server.Listen = "127.0.0.1:0"
+	}
+
+	// 使用 goroutine 启动服务器以避免阻塞
+	go func() {
+		if err := s.Start(); err != nil {
+			// 测试服务器启动失败记录日志
+			panic("failed to start test server: " + err.Error())
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// 给服务器一点时间启动
+	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	return s
+}