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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="zh-CN" data-default-color-scheme=""auto""><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/images/img/apple-touch-icon.webp"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/images/img/favicon.webp"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no,shrink-to-fit=no"><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta name="theme-color" content="#9DC8C8"><meta name="description" content=""><meta name="author" content="Defectink"><meta name="keywords" content=""><title>自动备份大法 - 🍭Defectink</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.defectink.com/static/twitter-bootstrap/4.5.3/css/bootstrap.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.defectink.com/static/github-markdown-css/4.0.0/github-markdown.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/lib/hint/hint.min.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.defectink.com/static/highlight.js/10.0.0/styles/github-gist.min.css"><link 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分钟</span></div></div></div></div></div></header><main><div class="container-fluid"><div class="row"><div class="d-none d-lg-block col-lg-2"></div><div class="col-lg-8 nopadding-md"><div class="container nopadding-md" id="board-ctn"><div class="py-5" id="board"><article class="post-content mx-auto" id="post"><h1 style="display:none">自动备份大法</h1><p class="note note-info">本文最后水于：2020年11月2日 凌晨</p><div class="markdown-body" id="post-body"><h2 id="引入"><a href="#引入" class="headerlink" title="引入"></a>引入</h2><p>最近看到几个数据爆炸的可怕事件，虽然我平时偶尔有手动备份的，但还是不怎么放心。以前有用过lsyncd自动同步到其他机器。但昨天发生了一个更可怕的事情，我重启机器后发现mysql启动不了，apt也不能update了。当时就蒙了，后来发现是我的/var目录满了。mysql与apt都需要用到/var目录，所以爆炸了。但是为什么会满呢…</p><p>因为一个lsyncd的日志写了34GB。</p><p><img src="../images/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%A4%87%E4%BB%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95/2874899693.webp" srcset="/images/img/loading.gif" alt="1.webp/"></p><h2 id="操作"><a href="#操作" class="headerlink" title="操作"></a>操作</h2><p>放弃lsyncd。</p><p>以前因为懒，写过一个自动压缩网页根目录的脚本，配合crontab在每天的凌晨自动执行一遍非常不错。</p><p>但是最重要的不是根目录，而是数据库。最近有了解到mysqldump，表示可以crontab一下。</p><h3 id="dump为sql文件"><a href="#dump为sql文件" class="headerlink" title="dump为sql文件"></a>dump为sql文件</h3><p>导出整个数据库：</p><pre><code class="hljs nginx"><span class="hljs-attribute">mysqldump</span> -u 用户名 -p 数据库名 > 导出的文件名</code></pre><p>例：</p><pre><code class="hljs css"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">mysqldump</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-u</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">root</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-p</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho</span> > <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho_backup</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.sql</span></code></pre><p>导出一个表</p><pre><code class="hljs nginx"><span class="hljs-attribute">mysqldump</span> -u 用户名 -p 数据库名 表名> 导出的文件名</code></pre><p>例：</p><pre><code class="hljs routeros">mysqldump -u root -p typecho<span class="hljs-built_in"> users </span>> users_backup.sql</code></pre><p>导出一个数据库结构</p><pre><code class="hljs nginx"><span class="hljs-attribute">mysqldump</span> -u 用户名 -p -d 数据库名 > 导出的文件名</code></pre><p>例：</p><pre><code class="hljs css"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">mysqldump</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-u</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">root</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-p</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-d</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho</span> > <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.sql</span></code></pre><h3 id="导入数据库"><a href="#导入数据库" class="headerlink" title="导入数据库"></a>导入数据库</h3><pre><code class="hljs css"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">mysql</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-u</span> 用户名 <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-p</span> 数据库名 < 数据库名<span class="hljs-selector-class">.sql</span></code></pre><p>例：</p><pre><code class="hljs css"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">mysql</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-u</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">root</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">-p</span> <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho</span> < <span class="hljs-selector-tag">typecho</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.sql</span></code></pre><p>实际操作了一下，确实很简单方便好用。但问题是，对于我这种勤(lan)快的人肯定要脚本自动一体化啊。</p><h3 id="感觉很厉害的Script"><a href="#感觉很厉害的Script" class="headerlink" title="感觉很厉害的Script"></a>感觉很厉害的Script</h3><p>自我感觉，自我感觉。</p><pre><code class="hljs bash"><span class="hljs-meta">#!/bin/bash</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">#定义数据库信息</span>
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USER=<span class="hljs-string">"root"</span>
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PASS=<span class="hljs-string">"password"</span>
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HOST=<span class="hljs-string">"localhost"</span>
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NAME=<span class="hljs-string">"typecho"</span>
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NAME2=<span class="hljs-string">"wordpress"</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">#其他信息</span>
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BAK_DIR=<span class="hljs-string">"/root/backup/"</span>
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TIME=`date +%F`
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<span class="hljs-comment">#操作</span>
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mysqldump -u<span class="hljs-variable">$USER</span> -p<span class="hljs-variable">$PASS</span> -h<span class="hljs-variable">$HOST</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$NAME</span> > <span class="hljs-variable">$NAME</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql
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mysqldump -u<span class="hljs-variable">$USER</span> -p<span class="hljs-variable">$PASS</span> -h<span class="hljs-variable">$HOST</span> <span class="hljs-variable">$NAME2</span> > <span class="hljs-variable">$NAME2</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql
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<span class="hljs-comment">#压缩并移动</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">#tar -zPcvf /root/backup/tar.gz/sql/$NAME"_"$TIME.tar.gz /root/backup/$NAME"_"$TIME.sql</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">#tar -zPcvf /root/backup/tar.gz/sql/$NAME2"_"$TIME.tar.gz /root/backup/$NAME2"_"$TIME.sql</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">#删除多余文件</span>
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rm -rf /root/backup/<span class="hljs-variable">$NAME</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql /root/backup/<span class="hljs-variable">$NAME2</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql
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rm -rf /root/<span class="hljs-variable">$NAME</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql /root/<span class="hljs-variable">$NAME2</span><span class="hljs-string">"_"</span><span class="hljs-variable">$TIME</span>.sql
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<span class="hljs-comment">#删除三天前的数据</span>
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find /root/backup/tar.gz/sql -mtime +3 -name <span class="hljs-string">"*.*"</span> -<span class="hljs-built_in">exec</span> rm -rf {} \;</code></pre><p>只要将其放到crontab中，并按时间进行执行。就能实现完美的sql备份了。</p><p>再加上以前写过的一些备份其他文件的Shell Script，就能实现最基本的收据备份了。并且七牛的云储存有个在Linux上的下载备份脚本。正好给了我不小的帮助。</p><p>（虽然喜欢写交互式的脚本，但是只要将命令挑出来放crontab就好了）</p><h3 id="写入crontab"><a href="#写入crontab" class="headerlink" title="写入crontab"></a>写入crontab</h3><p>先来简单的介绍下可爱的crontab文件的时间格式吧。</p><p><img src="../images/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%A4%87%E4%BB%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95/4160640759.webp" srcset="/images/img/loading.gif" alt="2.webp/"></p><p>星号（*）：代表所有可能的值，例如month字段如果是星号，则表示在满足其它字段的制约条件后每月都执行该命令操作。</p><p>逗号（,）：可以用逗号隔开的值指定一个列表范围，例如，“1,2,5,7,8,9”</p><p>中杠（-）：可以用整数之间的中杠表示一个整数范围，例如“2-6”表示“2,3,4,5,6”</p><p>正斜线（/）：可以用正斜线指定时间的间隔频率，例如“0-23/2”表示每两小时执行一次。同时正斜线可以和星号一起使用，例如*/10，如果用在minute字段，表示每十分钟执行一次。</p><p>然后就是写到Crontab里去了。第一次我也是以为直接找到并编辑crontab这个文件的，后来才发现，原来人家有编辑的命令的：</p><pre><code class="hljs ebnf"><span class="hljs-attribute">crontab -e</span></code></pre><p>然后按照格式讲我们的脚本写进去就好了。</p><pre><code class="hljs awk"><span class="hljs-comment"># m h dom mon dow comman</span>
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<span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-number">5</span> * * * <span class="hljs-regexp">/bin/</span>sh <span class="hljs-regexp">/root/</span>backup/c.sh
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<span class="hljs-number">0</span> <span class="hljs-number">4</span> * * * <span class="hljs-regexp">/bin/</span>sh <span class="hljs-regexp">/root/</span>backup/d.sh</code></pre><h2 id="结尾"><a href="#结尾" class="headerlink" title="结尾"></a>结尾</h2><p>进过超级简单的操作再配合定时任务，就能实现自动化的各种各样的操作了。对于备份这种操作，手动来做的话迟早会累死，就是不累也会感觉到烦。所以将其运用到定时任务上就是非常的人性化了。主要是方便，不需要任何的人工参与。</p><p>对于数据这方面的，还是经常性的备份比较重要。不光光是不本机的备份，也要经常性的实施多机备份。</p></div><hr><div><div class="post-metas mb-3"><div class="post-meta mr-3"><i class="iconfont icon-category"></i> <a class="hover-with-bg" href="/categories/Linux/">Linux</a></div><div class="post-meta"><i class="iconfont icon-tags"></i> <a class="hover-with-bg" href="/tags/Linux/">Linux</a></div></div><p class="note note-warning"><a target="_blank" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CC_BY-SA_3.0%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" rel="nofollow noopener noopener">CC BY-SA 3.0❤</a></p><div class="post-prevnext row"><article class="post-prev col-6"><a 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