DefectingCat.github.io/content/posts/rust-intractable-diseases.mdx

---
title: 疑难杂症
date: '2024-03-23'
tags: [Rust]
---

## 在 tauri 中为 command 使用自定义错误

在 tauri 的 command 中返回的任何值都必须要是可以 `Serialize` 的，包括错误：Everything you return from commands must implement `Serialize`

```rust
use base64::DecodeError;
use serde::{Serialize, Serializer};
use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum VError {
    #[error("Request error: {0}")]
    RequestFaild(#[from] reqwest::Error),

    #[error("Decode error: {0}")]
    DecodeError(#[from] DecodeError),
}

// https://github.com/tauri-apps/tauri/discussions/3913
impl Serialize for VError {
    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
    where
        S: Serializer,
    {
        serializer.serialize_str(self.to_string().as_ref())
    }
}

pub type VResult<T, E = VError> = anyhow::Result<T, E>;
```

## async 语句中使用 `?`

async 语句块与 async fn 最大的不同就是前者无法显式的声明返回值，当配合 `?` 使用的时候编译器就无法得知 `Result<T, E>` 中 E 的类型。

```rust
async fn foo() -> Result<u8, String> {
    Ok(1)
}
async fn bar() -> Result<u8, String> {
    Ok(1)
}
pub fn main() {
    let fut = async {
        foo().await?;
        bar().await?;
        Ok(())
    };
}
```

这段代码会得到编译器 `cannot infer type for type parameter E declared on the enum Result` 的提示。原因在于编译器无法推断出 `Result<T, E>` 中的 `E` 的类型。

目前的解决办法就是使用 `::<...>` 显式的添加类型注解，给予类型注释后此时编译器就知道 `Result<T, E>` 中的 `E` 的类型是 `String`，进而成功通过编译。

```rust
let fut = async {
    foo().await?;
    bar().await?;
    Ok::<(), String>(()) // 在这一行进行显式的类型注释
};
```

## 数组元素非基础类型

Rust 的数组类型是存储在栈内存中的，但是它也是可以存储非基础类型的值。不过它不可以使用这样的数组初始化语法：

```rust
let a = [3; 5];
```

`let a = [3; 5];` 的本质是 Rust 不断的 Copy 出来的，而非基本类型是无法深拷贝的。

正确的做法应该是使用 `std::array::from_fn` 。

```rust
fn main() {
    let arr: [String; 6] = core::array::from_fn(|i| format!("Arr {}", i));
    println!("{:?}", arr);
}
```

## 在 map 方法中使用 `?`

在 map 方法中使用 Question mark 需要在 `collect::<>()` 方法中显示注解 `Result<T, E>`

```rust
let subscripition = subscripition
    .split('\n')
    .filter(|line| !line.is_empty())
    .map(|line| {
        let line = line.replace("vmess://", "");
        let line = general_purpose::STANDARD.decode(line)?;
        let line = String::from_utf8_lossy(&line).to_string();
        Ok(serde_json::from_str::<Node>(&line)?)
    })
    .collect::<VResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
```

## 优雅的修改 Option 的内容

## 为 `enum` 实现静态字符串

```rust
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum CoreStatus {
    Started,
    Restarting,
    Stopped,
}

impl CoreStatus {
    fn as_str(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            CoreStatus::Started => "Started",
            CoreStatus::Restarting => "Restarting",
            CoreStatus::Stopped => "Stopped",
        }
    }
}
```

## serde-rs deserialize string in json to number

```rust
use std::fmt::Display;
use std::str::FromStr;

use serde::de::{self, Deserialize, Deserializer};

#[derive(Deserialize, Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
struct Test {
    #[serde(deserialize_with = "from_str")]
    test: u16
}

fn from_str<'de, T, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<T, D::Error>
    where T: FromStr,
          T::Err: Display,
          D: Deserializer<'de>
{
    let s = String::deserialize(deserializer)?;
    T::from_str(&s).map_err(de::Error::custom)
}
```

## serde deserialize multiple type

https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/fcz4yb/how_do_you_deserialize_strings_integers_to_float/

```rust
fn de_str<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<i64, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    Ok(match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
        Value::String(s) => s.parse().map_err(de::Error::custom)?,
        Value::Number(num) => num.as_i64().ok_or(de::Error::custom("Invalide number"))?,
        _ => return Err(de::Error::custom("wrong type")),
    })
}
fn de_str_option<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<i64>, D::Error>
where
    D: serde::de::Deserializer<'de>,
{
    Ok(match Value::deserialize(deserializer)? {
        Value::String(s) => s.parse().map(Some).map_err(de::Error::custom)?,
        Value::Number(num) => num.as_i64(),
        _ => return Err(de::Error::custom("wrong type")),
    })
}
```

## DerefMut 获取结构体多个字段 mut

在使用诸如 `Arc<Mutex<T>>` 的数据时，当获取到了锁的引用后，实际修改数据时，修改的是通过锁的 `DerefMut` 来修改其数据的。

```rust
let mut config = config.lock().await;
config.rua = "test";
```

而当数据中有多个字段需要分别获取为 `mut` 时，则编译器可能无法正确的认识到实际获取的是不同的字段，而非将目标数据获取了多次 `mut`。

```rust
let mut config = config.lock().await;

let mut rua = &mut config.rua;
let mut core = config.core.as_mut().unwrap();
// cannot borrow `config` as mutable more than once at a time
```

这是因为 `DerefMut` 让编译器认为我们获取了两次 `config` 结构体为 `mut`，而非它的两个不同的字段。最佳解决办法就是通过手动解引用来获取到实际的结构体，从而使得编译器能够正确的认识到引用到字段。

```rust
let mut config = config.lock().await;
let config = &mut *config;

let mut rua = &mut config.rua;
let mut core = config.core.as_mut().unwrap();
```

虽然自动解引用看上去获取的字段都是正确解引用的，但是编译器可能无法正确的识别到这两个字段是不同的。

![[Pasted image 20230730004909.png]]

这可能是因为 `Mutex` 使用的是 `UnsafeCell<T>` 来获取实际值的可修改引用。

```rust
pub struct Mutex<T: ?Sized> {
    #[cfg(all(tokio_unstable, feature = "tracing"))]
    resource_span: tracing::Span,
    s: semaphore::Semaphore,
    c: UnsafeCell<T>,
}

impl<T: ?Sized> DerefMut for MutexGuard<'_, T> {
    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
        unsafe { &mut *self.lock.c.get() }
    }
}
```

## 异步递归

在内部，`async fn` 创建了一个包含了要 `.await` 的子 `Future` 的状态机。这样递归的 `async fn` 有点诡异，因为结果的状态机必须包含它自身：

```rust
#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
    async fn step_one() { /* ... */ }
    async fn step_two() { /* ... */ }

    struct StepOne;
    struct StepTwo;

    // This function:
    async fn foo() {
        step_one().await;
        step_two().await;
    }
    // Generates a type like this:
    enum Foo {
        First(StepOne),
        Second(StepTwo),
    }

    // So this function:
    async fn recursive() {
        recursive().await;
        recursive().await;
    }

    // Generates a type like this:
    enum Recursive {
        First(Recursive),
        Second(Recursive),
    }
}
```

但是这将无法工作，因为我们创建了无限大小的类型

```
error[E0733]: recursion in an `async fn` requires boxing
 --> src/lib.rs:1:22
  |
1 | async fn recursive() {
  |                      ^ an `async fn` cannot invoke itself directly
  |
  = note: a recursive `async fn` must be rewritten to return a boxed future.
```

为了允许这种做法，我们需要用 `Box` 来间接调用。而不幸的是，编译器限制意味着把 `recursive()` 的调用包裹在 `Box::pin` 并不够。为了让递归调用工作，我们必须把 `recursive` 转换成非 `async` 函数，然后返回一个 `.boxed()` 的异步块

```rust
use futures::future::{BoxFuture, FutureExt};

fn recursive() -> BoxFuture<'static, ()> {
    async move {
        recursive().await;
        recursive().await;
    }.boxed()
}
```

## 消耗一个异步 map

当一个迭代器中产出异步值的时候，除了使用 for 循环来在外部函数中 await 它，还可以使用 `futures` crate 中的 `try_join_all`。

```rust
use futures::future::try_join_all;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let urls = ["https://www.google.com", "https://rua.plus"];
    let sites =
        try_join_all(urls.map(|url| async move { reqwest::get(url).await.unwrap().text().await }))
            .await
            .unwrap();
    sites.iter().for_each(|site| {
        println!("{}", site.len());
    });
}
```

## 在 `fold` 方法中使用 `?`

`fold` 方法本身无法使用 `?`，但是 `fold` 还有另一个变体，可以允许直接使用 `?`：`try_fold`。

https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Try.html

The `?` operator and `try {}` blocks.

`try_*` methods typically involve a type implementing this trait. For example, the closures passed to [`Iterator::try_fold`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.try_fold 'method std::iter::Iterator::try_fold') and [`Iterator::try_for_each`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.try_for_each 'method std::iter::Iterator::try_for_each') must return such a type.

`Try` types are typically those containing two or more categories of values, some subset of which are so commonly handled via early returns that it’s worth providing a terse (but still visible) syntax to make that easy.

This is most often seen for error handling with [`Result`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html 'enum std::result::Result') and [`Option`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html 'enum std::option::Option'). The quintessential implementation of this trait is on [`ControlFlow`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/enum.ControlFlow.html 'enum std::ops::ControlFlow').

```rust
pub async fn regular_post() -> Result<BaiduZZ> {
    let site = env::var("SPIO_SITE")?;
    let token = env::var("SPIO_TOKEN")?;
    let url = format!("{}?site={}&token={}", BAIDU_URL, site, token);

    let now = Instant::now();
    info!("starting get booths, request /admin/Apiview/sample_view");
    let params = ExampleParam::default();
    let examples = get_examples(&params).await?;
    let urls = examples
        .data
        .list
        .data
        .iter()
        .try_fold(vec![], build_booth_url)?
        .join("\n");
    info!("parse booth's url done {}ms", now.elapsed().as_millis());

    let res: BaiduZZ = reqwest::Client::new()
        .post(url)
        .header(reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/plain")
        .body(urls)
        .send()
        .await?
        .json()
        .await?;
    Ok(res)
}

fn build_booth_url(prev: Vec<String>, cur: &BoothExamplesDatum) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
    let url = Url::parse(cur.link.as_ref().unwrap_or(&PRODUCTION_URL.to_owned()));
    let host = url?;
    let host = host.host_str().ok_or(anyhow!("parse url failed"))?;
    let booth_url = if host.contains("aiyunhuizhan") {
        format!(
            "https://{}/optimize/booth_id/{}",
            host,
            cur.booth_id
                .as_ref()
                .ok_or(anyhow!("cannot read booth id"))?
        )
    } else {
        cur.link.to_owned().expect("")
    };
    anyhow::Ok([prev, vec![booth_url.to_string()]].concat())
}
```

同理，返回 `std::ops::Try` 的方法都能过使用 `?`。

```rust
use anyhow::anyhow;

fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let data = [Some(123), Some(444), None];

    data.iter().try_for_each(|x| {
        let real_x = x.ok_or(anyhow!(""))?;
        dbg!(real_x);
        anyhow::Ok(())
    })?;

    Ok(())
}
```

## 传递 async funcation as paramters

```rust
use futures::Future;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let num = test(calc).await;
    println!("{num}");
}

async fn calc() -> i32 {
    40 + 2
}

async fn test<F, Fut>(f: F) -> i32
where
    F: FnOnce() -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = i32>,
{
    f().await
}
```

## BoxedFuture

```rust
pub type Response = BoxFuture<'static, (Status, Bytes)>;
type Job = fn(Request) -> Response;
type Routes = Arc<RwLock<HashMap<&'static str, HashMap<&'static str, Job>>>>;
```

## Axum trailing slashes in route path

https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum/discussions/2377

```rust
use axum::{extract::Request, Router, ServiceExt};
use tower::Layer;
use tower_http::normalize_path::NormalizePathLayer;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    let app = Router::new();

    let app = NormalizePathLayer::trim_trailing_slash().layer(app);

    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:3000")
        .await
        .unwrap();

    axum::serve(listener, ServiceExt::<Request>::into_make_service(app)) // <-- this
        .await
        .unwrap();
}
```